o L Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Historical series Vol 4 1970-75 British Museum (Natural History) London 1983 JOHN CRANCH ZOOLOGISTE DE L'EXPEDITION DU CONGO (1816) Th. monod BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 4 No. i LONDON: 1970 JOHN CRANCH, ZOOLOGISTE DE L'EXPEDITION DU CONGO (1816) BY THEODORE MONOD Membre de I'lnstitut de France Professeur au Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Directeur honoraire de I'lnstitut Fran^ais d'Afrique Noire Gold Medallist Royal Geographical Society Pp. 1-75 ; 3 Plates, i Text-figure BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 4 No. i LONDON : 1970 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (natural history), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Vol. 4 No. i of the Historical series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. World List abbreviation Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (hist. Ser.] Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1970 trustees of the british museum {natural history) Issued 20 November, 1970 Price £2-80 JOHN CRANCH, ZOOLOGISTE DE L'EXPEDITION DU CONGO (1816) Par THEODORE MONOD CONTENTS I. Introduction : John Cranch (1785-1816) II. Le Ms. 681 DU MusiuM et les autres sources III. Les routes IV. Les textes zoologiques V. Les illustrations VI. Les collections VII. Bibliographie . 3 6 12 16 55 57 73 A propos du Coleoptfere Platygenia Zairica : " Insectum in ripas Zairae fluminis Africani insalubris a Domino Cranch, pro scientiis naturalibus et entomologia imprimis heu ! quantum deflendo, nuper lectum". MacLeay Horae Entotn., I, 1, 1819 : 152 I. INTRODUCTION : JOHN CRANCH (1785-1816) C'est bien un peu par hasard que j'ai ete amene k m'int^resser k John Cranch, en d^couvrant dans le fonds de manuscrits du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle un dossier " ms 681 " contenant, a ma grande surprise, toute une serie de manuscrits de Cranch, journal, hste de collections, aquarelles, etc. J'ai pense que la publication de larges extraits de ces documents, accompagnee de quelques renseignements biographiques, servirait utilement la memoire d'un zoo- logiste un peu oubhe sans doute mais qui n'en aura pas moins ete le premier a faire dans le Golfe de Guinee ce que Ton appellerait aujourd'hui de I'oceanographie biologique, c'est a dire ce que les voyageurs naturalistes a bord des navires d'explora- tion pratiquaient depuis bien longtemps sous le simple nom d'histoire naturelle. S'il ne m'est pas possible de nommer ici tous ceux qui, en particulier en Angleterre, ont bien voulu m'aider k reunir les renseignements necessaires, je dois en tous les cas signaler ce que je dois au Dr A. L. Rice, du British Museum (N.H.) pour toute la peine qu'il a bien voulu prendre k cette occasion^. John Cranch est n6 k Exeter (Devon) en 1785, de parents originaires de Kings- bridge, dans le mfime comte. Richard Cranch, son pere, ouvrier foulon, avait Spouse Jane Bowring. Orphehn de bonne heure et eleve a Kingsbridge par un oncle, John Cranch apprit le metier de cordonnier-bottier^. A ce titre il tenait ' Je tiens cependant imentionner ^galement, sans pouvoir mentionner tous ceux qui directement ou non ont contribui k cette ^tude, Mr R. L. C. Gallant (Stoneycombe, Devon), le Rev. F. E. Quick (Yealmp- ton, Devon) et le Mr. A. C. Wheeler (British Museum, N.H.). 2 Ce ne sera pas le dernier cordonnier de Grande-Bretagne k devenir zoologiste car Thomas Edward, de Banff (Ecosse), ob^ira k son tour k une vocation comparable, mais dans des circonstances plus difficiles (cf. S. SMILES, Life of a Scotch NaturaUst, Thomas Edward, London, John Murray, 4th ed.. 1877, XIX+438 p., 30 fig., I portrait). 4 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 6chope dans les foires de la region. Son interet, toutefois, ^tait ailleurs et, apparem- ment sous I'influence du Colonel George Montagu, dont les collections de Knowle House, Kingsbridge constituaient un veritable musee, John Cranch allait, de plus en plus, se consacrer a I'histoire naturelle : il passe des nuits entieres avec les dragueurs de la cote du Devonshire, assiste le Colonel Montagu, en particulier pour rornithologie et publie meme quelques articles de zoologie dans un periodique local. The Weekly Entertainer ; le Dr Rice y a retrouve les litres suivants, dans le vol. 51, de 1811 : Natural Historj^ of the large Pinna, No. i, March 4th ; Natural history of the Jessamine moth. No. 2, March nth ; Natural History of the Pea Crab, No. 3, April 29th ; Natural History of the Hermit crab, No. 4, May 13th. II semble que son mariage ait apporte a John Cranch une certaine aisance, qui allait lui permettre, en fait, de satisfaire plus largement ses gouts de naturaliste ; comme le dit, non sans un peu de condescendante indulgence I'auteur anonyme de " Kingsbridge & Salcombe " (1819) : " As Mr. Cranch, after his marriage, possessed a httle independence, he devoted his hours to similar [allusion au Col. Montagu] innocent amusements^ " . John Cranch vendra d'aiUeurs des Crustaces au British Museum, comme le fera 6galement le Colonel George Montagu (J. E. Gray in White, 1847, p. v). Par le Colonel Montagu, John Cranch s'etait trouve mis en relation avec un troi- sieme " devonien ", le Dr. William Elford Leach, conservateur au British Museum et par ce dernier avec le Capitaine J. K. Tuckey (aout 1776-4 sept. 1816)'', chef de I'expedition au Congo. II y a, bien entendu, d'autres John Cranch, a ne pas confrondre avec notre jeune zoologiste ; le plus connu est le peintre John Cranch {1751 (Kingsbridge)-i82i) mais on trouve un John Cranch dans un acte du 20 avril 1691, un John Cranch, petit-fils du precedent et attorney, fixe a Bath, un autre enfin participant a des fouilles autour de Kingsbridge (Kingsbridge & Salcombe, 1819, passim). Un Judge Cranch devait emigrer en Amerique, ce qui explique les relations avec la famille Cranch de deux Presidents Adams : John, et John Quincey. Le Christo- pher Pearce Cranch (1813-1892), pasteur unitarien, peintre et poete (Chamber's Cyclopaedia . . . , III, 1903, p. 831), sa fiUe Carolina A. Cranch, peintre egalement, et un troisieme peintre americain, John Cranch (1806-1891) appartiennent-ils a la meme famille? John Cranch etait, au point de vue rehgieux, un " dissenter ". Nous en avons plusiers indices sans compter la plaque de la chapelle independante de Kingsbridge. D'abord, dans la notice biographique du " Narrative . . . ", anonyme mais de Sir John BarrowS, on trouve cette assez curieuse information equivalent a admettre qu'apres tout on pourrait bien, a la limite, etre chretien sans etre anglican : Sir John Barrow fait allusion (in Tuckey, 1818, H a, p. LXXVII) a " . . . the gloomy view taken of Christianity by that sect denominated Methodists, of which, it seems, he 3 Italiques miennes. * A en croire Sir John Bowring {Rept and Trans. Devonshire Assoc, V. p. 102) Tuckey aurait 6t6 " also a Devonian " : John Barrow cependant {1818, H a, p. XLVII) le donne comme originaire du Comt^ de Cork. ' Anstey (1962. note 2. p. 2) attribuait le texte " probably " i John Barrow ; Sir John Bowring (Rept and Trans. Devonshire Assoc, V, 1872, p. 102) affirme cependant tres clairement que I'introduction (ou se trouve la notice sur John Cranch) fut " written by Mr. Barrow, Secretary to the Admiralty, for whom I furnished the materials " : on ne saurait etre plus explicite. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 5 was a member " et ajoute (on appreciera le " however ") ; " He is represented, however, by his friends, as a sincere Christian, an affectionate parent, and a kind friend". Nous avons ensuite cette allusion au non-conformisme de Cranch dans la notice des Annals of Philosophy (1818) : " Unfortunately, however, he had embraced a very gloomy system of religious belief ". A quelle Eglise appartenait Cranch ? Etait-il methodiste (wesleyen) comme le laisse entendre Sir John Barrow ? Fox (Kingsbridge and surroundings, 1874) signalait une plaque commemorative dans la " Independent Chapel " de Kingsbridge. Des renseignements fournis par le Rev. Frank E. Quick et enipruntes pro parte a une publication de James Fairweather (1887) sur I'histoire de Kingsbridge, il apparait : 1° que la chapelle primitive, batie en 1780, etait presbyterienne. 2° qu'en 1791 elle est devenue " Independent or Congregational ". 3° que, demolie en 1858, elle se verra remplacee par un nouveau temple qui, renove en i8gi, sera detruit par un bombardement aerien en 1943. Quand Fox ecrit, en 1874, I'eglise oil se serait trouvee une plaque commemorative n'etait plus celle du temps de John Cranch : la plaque a-t-elle et6 transferee dans la nouvelle eglise ? II s'y trouvait une plaque dediee a Jane Cranch, la fille de John, nous apprend le Rev. Quick (qui ne mentionne d'ailleurs pas de plaque au nom de John). Seule une enquete locale permettra d'eclaircir cette question : il se peut d'ailleurs que les destructions de 1943 ne soient pas faites pour la faciliter. De toutes fa9ons, ce qui semble certain, c'est que John Cranch appartenait a la Congregational Church, plutot qu'a une autre communaute non-conformiste, wesley- enne, par exemple. En 1815 I'Amiraute britannique decide I'envoi d'une mission destinee a I'explora- tion du Zaire ou Congo pour determiner si ce fleuve representait ou non la terminaison du Niger de Mungo Park ; placee sous le commandement du Capitaine James Kingston Tuckey (1776-1816) de la Royal Navy et disposant du sloop " Congo " et du transport " Dorothy " , I'expedition devait avoir un caractere scientifique ; aussi va-t-on recruter une petite equipe de naturalistes, composee du Professeur Christen* Smith, botaniste et geologue norvegien (17 Octobre 1785-22 Sept. 1816), de Mr. Tudor, " Comparative Anatomist " , de John Cranch, " Collector of Objects of Natural History " et d'un King's Gardener de Kew Gardens, Mr David Lockhart ; a ceux-ci se joindra un certain Mr. Edward Galwey, " Gentleman not borne on the Congo's books "', ou " a gentleman volunteer " (Leyden, 1817, p. 506). Tuckey proposait comme salaires, dans une lettre du 11 Janvier 1816 : £350 pour Smith et £250 pour Cranch et Tudor, ces sommes pouvant se voir respectivement portees au retour a £400 et £300. II demandait en meme temps une avance de £150 pour Smith et de £200 pour chacun des deux atures. Cranch revolt des " Instructions for the Collector of Objects of Natural History ", ou un systeme de numerotation est propose, utilisant 2 fils, rouge et blanc, les noeuds blancs marquant les unites, les rouges les dizaines, les rouges doubles les centaines. « Et non " Chretien " comme I'^crit I'lntroduction de la Narrative . . . , r8i8, p. LXIII, ni meme, i strictement parler, " Christian ", ibidem, p. 420. ' P.R.O., Adm. 1/2617/56. 6 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO {1816) Je ne sais si cet ing^nieux s\'steme se verra utilise, mais il faut par centre reconnaitre que les precedes de numerotation de Cranch, tels qu'ils se trouvent transcrits dans ses listes, restent singulierement incomprehensibles. Cranch n'est peut-etre pas de caractere tres facile, s'il faut en croire Smith (H c, p. 235) : " Cranch, I fear, by his absurd conduct, will diminish the liberality of the Captain towards us. He is like a pointed arrow to the company ". II se verra d'ail- leurs quelque peu taquine par ses compagnons, comme I'avouera Smith (H c, p. 255) : " Poor Cranch is almost too much the object of jest. Galwey [le gentleman volontaire] is the principal barterer ". II y a dans le journal de Cranch, a la date du 4 juin, une page en stenographie dont il serait bien interessant de connaitre la signification car si Cranch a eprouve le besoin de dissimuler un assez long texte a la curiosite d'eventuels lecteurs, on voudrait bien en savoir la raison. Malheureusement, malgre les efforts d'un specialiste, Mr. F. Higenbottom, City Librarian a Canterbury, le systeme employe n'a pas pu se voir identifie : il existerait d'aUleurs plus de 300 systemes britanniques de stenographie . . . Mais U est temps de laisser la parole a John Cranch lui-meme, dont le journal va permettre de suivre I'activite de mars a aout 1816, presque jusqu'a sa mort, par consequent. Rappelons que sur les 56 personnes se trouvant a bord le jour de I'appareillage (25 fevrier)*, 21 ne reverront pas I'Angleterre (morts a terre : 14, a bord du " Congo " : 4, au cours de la traversee de I'Atlantique : 2, a Bahia : i). Cranch mourait le 4 septembre' et etait enterre " at Embomma [Boma] by per- mission of the King, in his own burial ground, where he was laid with miUtary honours by the side of his feUow traveller Mr. Tudor, who had been interred with the like ceremony, a few days before " (John Barrow, 1818, H a, p. LXXVI)!". Cranch laissait une veuve et une fille unique, Jane Bowring Cranch, qui a laisse une Evocation, intitulee " Troublous Times " (London, 1862), de la persecution des Puritains a laquelle ses propres ancetres (maternels ?) s'etaient trouves associes. J'ai dit aiUeurs (1967, p. 31) qu'en fait Cranch aura ete le premier a faire dans le Golfe de Guinee de la zoologie marine et meme, a certains egards, de I'oceanographie biologique. Le " small net " de Cranch, " which was always suspended over the side of the vessel " (Leach, 1817, p. 294) aura ete la bien modeste origine d'une lignee nom- breuse d'engins de plus en plus perfectionnes et efficaces. Raison de plus pour ne pas oubUer le petit filet de John Cranch et la memoire du petit cordonnier du Devon- shire enterre a " Embomma " dans le " cimetiere royal " de ce village congolais. II. LE Ms. 681 DU MUSEUM ET LES AUTRES SOURCES Le Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) conserve dans son fonds manu- scrits un Ms. 681 ainsi decrit dans le Catalogue general des manuscrits des bibho- 8 A savoir : 49 (officiers et Equipage ) -f 2 (Congolais) + 4 (naturalistes + 1 (Mr. Gahvey ) = 56. ' C'est la date donnfe par Hawkins (1819) : il eit 6ti impossible de la prdciser d'apres I'lntroduction de la "Narrative ..." (p. LXX\'1I) mais connaissant la date du 4 on reconstitue : malade le 23 aoiit entre " Cooloo " et " Inga ", rapatrii le 24 (cf. Tuckey, H b, p. 179). 1^ Les sources consultees ne spdcifient pas si pour le service fun^bre d'un non-anglican aura it6 utilis^e la liturgie " Burial of the Dead " du Prayer-Book. Chr. Smith, lui, aurait iii, non pas enterr^ mais im- merg6 dans le fleuve (L. von Buch, 1826, p. 216). JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 7 th^ques publiques de France, Paris, II, 1914, p. 121 " 681. Manuscrits de John Cranch sur son voyage au Congo {1816). Notes de voyage, journal et dessins. On remarque : " Remarks on animals as were observed during a voyage of discovery in the Congo expedition, with a list of such specimens as were taken and presewed [sic] " — " 35 drawings or sketches of fishes from the voyage to the river Congo " — XVIIIe siecle [sic]. Papier-Liasse " (A. Boinet). Un probleme se pose, celui de I'origine de ces document dont on se demande aussitot comment ils se trouvent aujourd'hui conserves a Paris. Pour I'instant on ne peut guere lui imaginer d'autre solution que celle que propose le Dr. A. L. Rice (in Hit.) : Leachii se serait vu confier les papiers de Cranch puisqu'il devait etudier les resultats zoologiques de I'expedition Tuckey : en quittant le British Museum pour le continent il aurait emporte ce dossier : I'aura-t-il prfite a I'un de ses collegues du Jardin des Plantes 011 il sera definitivement demeure ? On salt que les dernieres annees de Leach ont ete assombries par des troubles mentaux qui I'obligerent a cesser toute activite scientifique. II est en tous les cas certain que Leach a eu entre les mains — et c'etait normal puisqu'il avait les collections de Cranch a identifier — les papiers de Cranch ; il fait d'ailleurs explicitement allusion aux " Ms. observations made by Mr. Cranch " (1818, p. 419). Une lettre de Mr A. E. Gunther (18-III-1969) a Mr P. J. P. Whitehead, qui a bien voulu me la communiquer, signale que Leach qui avait ete a Paris en 1817 semble y etre retoume, mais cette fois deja malade et en route pour I'ltalie, en septembre 1821 : serait-ce a cette derniere occasion qu'il aurait rendu visite a ses collegues du Jardin des Plantes et leur aurait communique les papiers de Cranch ? L'hypothese d'une communication par Leach a quelqu'un du Museum des papiers de Cranch est d'autant plus plausible qu'on croit meme pouvoir identifier le benelici- aire du pret : Blainville, en effet, signale a deux reprises (1822, p. 438 et leg. fig. 17 [pi. n. num.]) avoir emprunte une figure au manuscrit du "Voyage des Anglais au Congo ". On verra plus loin (p. 64) qu'il a du confondre deux sources (J. Sowerby et Cranch), mais cela prouve en tous les cas qu'il connaissait le dossier devenu le Ms. 681. II est d'ailleurs possible que Leach ait egalement emporte sur le Continent certains specimens de Cranch, puisqu'aucune des especes decrites par lui en 1830, alors qu'il avait quitte le British Museum depuis longtemps, ne figure dans les collections de ce dernier. Les papiers de Cranch etant parvenus au Museum on pourrait se demander si les specimens Studies par Leach depuis son depart de Londres ne s'y trouveraient pas aussi. Je n'ai rien retrouve. Le MS. 681 est un recueil d'elements disparates, constituant, dans ma numerotation, les pieces A-G de I'enumeration des sources. A. 226x372 mm, 12 (23 p.) + i ff. (i p. de steno) : " Remarks on Animals &c as were observed during a voyage of discovery in the Congo Expedition with a list of such specimens as were taken & preserved by John Cranch ". Sur la couverture : " J. Cranch's Journal and lists ". Cette piece comporte 9 illustrations : 11 William Elford Leach, 1790-25 Aug. 1836, Palazzo S. Sebastiano, prJs Tortona, Italie. ""^^S^"' - -■- f: >-- ^___.____|j|ll ^5 ^W^^ "'," Y,-.^777S, 1 ,' 1 1 (jS , ■ \\\ *\\ v^ \''i""-/T^O % V. 1 X i;: _ 'i^y^.'^ :: 1 , a. O ^"^"^ — "--~J-V . J^'^t^y W .4 (^ i -^^^m^m - - ! '• K o J >0 > — ' 5 »A V 111 l\i\>v\ ,\\ ■^^ ' ' • ' ILL* ^ ^J ' \ -CtS— n ^ - "\ ^ / y-'"''''^ 1 ' ' i£" ^ X / \ >_ P^ 1 >^> ^r f J s v^ K. >u s I ir\i £-^r- - f \ /- /iti- h >A \ -/ / / ■■" / >-\ = s \ /^ /I -;_ s o \ /* O -/ ^ \ > r >\ \ f - s. # 1- ^- i \ /■* — > r!4 \ > o> ^1 Vs °o f > _■»- o- >\ ^ ^\ .o \ 1 *" > I .h ■" o J o \ ; o 1- - \ \^, /* 11 / / ^ — / y / [ o / >r" 1 / /' o ! o^ > r> o a / n- S \ o i \ -W -v-^' T\ '■o \ I i t >T ! .^-^ ^ \ ft \ > -^ j;j ^^.^""-^ ^K AV ij 5 o ■ o £^ V /> ■^ Ai / <* o /> — o. p y^ * * '% y g a >''^..,„^ A / *" ■% o / i yi N^ < ^^/ » 0\ O ^^^ 2 *vS > o -o 5^2 s a o " S' t^ 5 o o lo JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) P. 10 : Oniscus sp. [Nerocila trichiura] (pi. 3, fig. 2) P. II : nageoires (lere et 2eme dorsales, pectorale d'un thon " albicore " ; il s'agirait d'apres le Prof. E. Postel, non pas de Neothunnus albacora mais plutot du Patudo, Parathiinntis obesus. P. 12 : a. 2 aquarelles de Lepas sp. {Conchoderma virgatiim] (non reproduit). b. Exocoetus sp. (an Mesogaster ?) [Exocetide juv.] (non reproduit), = C, fig. p. 27 (non reproduit) et G, n° 9 (pi. 2, fig. i). c. Poisson [Gonostomatide] (non reproduit) = C, fig. p. 27 (non reproduit) et G, n° 10 (pi. 2, fig. 3). P. 14 : 5 figures d'une zoe de Brachyoure (non reproduit) P. 16 : Poisson [jeune deScyris] (non reproduit), = G, n° 12 (pi. 2, fig. 6). ou genre voisin P. 20 : Poisson [Histrio hislrio] (non reproduit), = G, n° 26 (pi. 2, fig. 7). P. 21 : Poisson [Batistes sp., juv. ou Monacanthide ?] (pi. 2, fig. 2), = G, n° 23 (pi. 2, fig. 4). B. 204x318 mm, 12 p. : " Remarks on Animals &c as were observed during a voyage of discovery in the Congo Expedition with a hst of such specimens as are preser\'ed ". Le texte est precede de celui d'une lettre datee du 29 juin 1816, done quelques jours avant I'arrivee a I'embouchure du Congo, et probablement destinee a Sir Joseph Banks (of. p. 45) ; la Uste elle-meme va jusqu'au 6 aout, date de la note ecrite a Boma (p. 9) et oii Cranch laisse percer quelque deception quant a une faune qu'il s'attendait a trouver beaucoup plus riche. C. I camet, 118 x 184 mm, 76 p., utlise par les deux bouts et contenant : 1. journal (jusqu'au 5 juin), p. 1-13 2. liste d'oiseaux (nos 1-21), p. 13-14 3. 2e Uste d'oiseaux (nos 1-15), p. 15 4. 3 descriptions de Poissons, p. 17-18 5. une note ( " It might be expected. . . "), p. 18 6. liste commentee d'oiseaux (nos 1-42), p. 19-22 : semble le brouillon de la liste B, p. 9-1 1 mais divers details du document C 6 n'ont pas ete repris dans B 7. inventaire des bagages de J. Cranch, p. 41-4312 8. description d'un oiseau, July 31, p. 66 9. Uste de coquiUes (plus : Echinus et " an egg from a Hawks nest, Porto Praya) (n° i-ii), p. 68 10. liste d'animaux (nos 1-15), p. 70 11. Uste d'oiseaux (nos 1-9), p. 72 12. Uste d'animaux (nos 1-35), p. 72-73 13. Uste d'animaux, p. 76 (en partie dechiree) 14. dessins P. 9 : Poisson [indet., cf. p. 55] (non reproduit) = G, n° 2 (pi. i, fig. 2) P. 19 : personnages (non reproduit) •2 Cet inventaire, intitule " Board the Congo. Cabin box " est en partie illisible ; je crois avoir lu, en tous les cas : 10 shirts, 2 Pairs Breeches, 2 Pieces of soap & one toweU, Blue waistcoat, 5 white hanks.. Blue Jackett, Black coat, Gren d". Drawers, i shirt-clean, 2 p. coton stockings, i flannel shirt, P. Drawers, Red Cravate. i Flannel shirt, i p. Drawers, 3 waists., 2 p. Garters, night cap. tape, needle & thread, P. stockings, scissors, 2 P. gloves, three Brushes, looking glass. — Box 2 : g quires of Paper, i lb thread. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 11 P. 23 : Salpe [Salpa maxima i. gregata, cf. p. 69] (non reproduit) P. 26 : 2-3 dessins d'un Trematode [Hirudinella sp., peut-etre d'un Thon " albicore " {Neothunmts alhacora) P. 27 : 2 Poissons [Exocetide juv. et Gonostomatide] (non reproduits) = A, fig. p. 12 (non reproduits) et G, n° 9 (pi. 2, fig. i) et 10 (pi. 2, fig. 3) P. 28 : Invertebres divers, Velella sp., larve enigmatique de Crustace, etc., (PI. 3, fig- 3 et 5) P. 30 : Phyllosome (Ph. clavicorne) et Alima (PI. 3, fig. i). P. 32 : 2 Alima (PI. 3, fig. 6), I larve enigmatique de Decapode (non reproduit) P. 40 : Salpe [Salpa fusiformis f. gregata, cf. p. 69] et Siphonophore [cf. p. 38 et 62], non reproduits P. 44 : personnages P. 48 : personnages P. 51 : Phyllosome {Ph. commune) (PI. 3, fig. 4) P. 56 : personnages P. 61 ; personnage D. carnet, 120x190 mm, 5 p. (ecrites). Notes August 7-17 (derniere entree : " Saturday 17 ") ; Cranch est alors sans doute deja tombe malade ; I'ecriture devient difficile a lire. E. 234 X 357 mm, 5 p. : A List of specimens pres"* in spirit. — Voir chap. VI, p. 57 F. 160 X 200 mm, 4 p. : A Table of Latitudes & Longitudes taken in HMS Congo by Mr Fitzmaurice — Cette liste de positions est a completer par celles que donne la " Narrative . . . " (H. h) et le dossier P.R.O., Adm. 1/2617 : ces diverses sources ne donnent d'ailleurs pas toujours pour un meme jour les memes chiffres, mais le dernier document cite conceme les positions de la " Dorothy " : il est probable que les posi- tions auront ete separement calculees, sur le " Congo " par Fitzmaurice et sur la " Dorothy " par Tuckey (ou Hawkey). G. 180 X220 mm : " 35 drawings or sketches of fishes. From the voyage to the river Congo by Smith, Hawkie & J. Cranch ". On trouvera au chapitre V, " Les illustrations, " la liste de ces dessins et aquarelles, a I'execution desquels, sans qu'il fut possible d'en identifier individuellement les auteurs, auraient participe, avec Cranch, le botaniste Smith et le Lieutenant Hawkey en realite, il semble que ce dernier soit I'auteur, sinon exclusif, du moins de beaucoup le plus important. 13 Les autres sources H. " Narrative of an Expedition to explore the River Zaire . . . ", 1818, 4°, LXXXH +498 p., 13 figs. n. num., 13 pi., i carte h.t. H a. Introduction, anonyme [Sir John Barrow], p. I-LXXXII H b. Captain Tuckey's narrative [jusqu'au i8 septembre 1816], p. 5-225. H c, Professor Smith's journal [jusqu'au 9 septembre 1816], p. 229-336. H d, General observations, p. 337-390 H e, Appendix, No. II, W. E. Leach, Observations on the Genus Ocythoe .... p. 400-401, pi. XII. 13 Pourquoi trouve-t-on le nom de cet officier dcrit ici " Hawkie ". Les documents imprimes {" Nar- rative . . . ") donnent " Hawkey ", il se pent que " Hawkie " soit ici un simple lapsus calami. Les incertitudes orthographiques dans les anthroponymes ne sont d'ailleurs pas rares encore au dt^but du XIXe sifecle : Leach n'h&ite pas k d^dier au Prof. Smith un " Lupa Smythiana ". 12 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (i8i6) H/, Appendix, No. Ill, E. Home, The distinguishing characters between the Ova of the Sepia . . . , p. 402-406, pi. XIII-XIV. H g. Appendix, No. IV, anonyme [W. E. Leach], A general Notice of the Animals taken by Mr. John Cranch . . . , p. 407-419, i pi. n. num. H h, Appendix, No. VII, anonyme [L. Fitzmaurice ?], Hydrographical Remarks from the Island of St. Thomas, to the Mouth of the Zaire, p. 489-498. — Dans ce texte il faut evidemment lire : p. 489, " 27th " [May] " 5th " [June]— p. 490- 495, " June " au lieu de : " May " — p. 495-498, " July " au lieu de " June ". J. Public Record Office (London) Le dossier Admiralty 1/2617 renferme une s^rie de pieces concernant I'expedition, lettres de Tuckey, " Instructions for the Collector of Objects of Natural History ", " Memorandum of an Instruction to Captain Tuckey ", " Diary of the Route and Meteorological Diary of the Congo Expedition " (Tuckey), " Dorothy transport. Journal of an Expedition to the River Zaire by Captain J. H. Tuckey ", etc. III. LES ROUTES On a vu plus haut qu'une piece F du MS. 681 fournissait une table des positions du " Congo " et que deux autres documents, la " A'a/'ra/'nifj . . " et le journal de Tuckey (P.R.O. Adm. 1/2617) donnaient un certain nombre de positions de la " Dorothy ". Le calendrier general de I'expedition s'etabUt comma suit : Fevrier 1816 22 — Tuckey embarque sur la " Dorothy " 25 — AppareiUage 27 — " Land gale with heavy squalls and rain " 28 — " Fresh gale from NNW " Mars 1816 3 — " Gale " 4 — ■" Gale " 7 — " Received a weeks fresh beef from the contractor at Falmouth " 9 — Lizard 13-15 — On est encore pres de la terre (Falmouth) 20— 49°i7'N-6°i9'W at noon, t = 46°5 [J] 21— 49°i4'N-7°o6'W, t = 50° [J] 22-47°44'N^°35'W, t = 50° [J] 23-45°57'N-ii°38'W, t = 51° [J] 24— 44°23'N-i3°32'W, t = 52°5 [J] 25 — 42°43'N — •i4°i4'W, t = 53°5 [J], par le travers du Cap Finisterre. 26— 40°i6'o N-i5°30'o W [F], [J : i6°03'W, t = 54°5] 27— 38°i'o N-i6°35'o W [F], [J : 38°oi' N— i6°28'W, t = 56°] 28— 37°i5'o N-i6°32'o W [F], [J : i6°33'W, t = 58°5] 29— 34°38'o N— i6°4i'o W [F], [J : i6°52'W, t = 6o''5] 30— 33°33'o N-i6°56'o W [F], [J : I7°23'W, t = 62°] JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 13 31— 32''i7'o N-i7°5i' W [F], [J : 1^42' 1/2 W, t = 63°], Madere en vue (H a, p. 10 ; H b, p. 233, et J) Avril 18 1 6 I— 30°i8'o N-i8°20'o W [F], [J : i8°i2'W, t = 63°] 2— 28°i5'o N-i8°23'o VV [F], [J : i8°i8' W, t = 63°5], Palma (Canaries) en vue. 3— 26°34'o N-i8°28'o W [F], [J : iS'iG'W, t = 65°] 4— 24°i3'o N-i8°5i'i5 W [F], [J : i8°3i'W, t = 65°] 5— 22°o'o N-i9°25'o chron. (i9°i7'o.D) [F], [2 : ig'og'W, t = 65°]. passe le Cap Corvoeiro. 6— 20°29'o N-i9°59'o W [F], [J : ig'si'W, t = 66°] 7— i8''27'o N-2i°3'o W [F], [J : 2o''55'W, t = 67°] 8— i6°i6'N-22°o'o W [F], [J : i6°23'N, 2i°45'W, t = non indiqu^e] 9— 14°53'47 N-23°3I'8 W [F], Porto Praya, St. lago [F, la source J s'arrete ici] io-i2-Porto Praya 13— i3°59'o N-23°8'39 W [F] 14— i2°i6'o N-22''i5'27 W [F] 15 — io°3o'o N — 2i°4'44 W [F] 16 — 9°o'o N-i9°20'52 W [F] 17 — 8°i2'o N-i8°36'22 chron. (i8°i3'7 o n) [F] 18— 7°37'o N-i7°57'o chron. (i7-34'i5 O t) [F], [J : 7° 1/2] 19— 6°49'o N-i7°i3'45 W [F] 20— 6°28'o N-i6°56'W [F] 21— 6°i8'o N-i6°24'5o W, chron. (i6°44'30 o j) [F] 22— 5°43'o N-i5''4i'22 W [F] 23— 5°47'o N-i5°28'52 W [F] 24— 6°i'o N-i4°55'o W [F] 25— 5°33'o N-i8°i8'o W [F] 26— 6°i3'o N-i4°44'io W [F], [I : 6°i6'] 27— 6°4'o N-i4°32'27 W [F] 28— 5°58'o N-i3°55'47 W [F] 29— 5°47'o N-i3°ii'ii W [F] 30— 5°5'o N-i2°20'i3 W [F] Mai 1816 I— 4°35'o N-ii°25'i5 W [F] 2— 4°38'o N-ii°25'26 VV [F] 3— 4°37'o N-io°59'40 W [F] 4 — 4°29'o N-9°5i'5o W [F] 5— 3°53'o N-8°28'45 W [F], Cape Palmas 6— 3°i9'o N-6°52'22 W o J[F] 7— 3°i5'o N-3°33'55 W [F] 8— 2°52'o N-i°27' 7 W [F] 9— 2''34'o N-o°o'38 W [F] 10— 2°28'o N-i°30'30 E [F] II— 2°i3'o N-i''59'o E [F], [J : 2" 1/2 N] 14 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 12 — 2°4'o N-23°6'o E, chron. (2°57'o O j) [F] 13— 2°24'o N-3°3'i5 E [F] 14— 2°25'o N-3°48' 22 E [F] 15— i°53'o N-5°22'i6 E [F] 16 — i°58'o N-7°4'i5 E [F], Principe en vue au SE a 12-14 leagues. 17— i°48'o N-7°i4'30 E [F] 18 — i°3i'o N-6°9'45 E [F], Sao Tome en vue. 19 — i°8'o N-6°54'o E chron. (7°26'30 o j) [F] 20 — o°4i'o N-6°48'52 E, chron. (6°i8'52 O J) [F], Sao Tom6 au S 1/2 E a SSW 3/4 W. 21- — Pas de position indiquee [F] 22 — o°2i'o N-5°49'37 E [F] 23— o°6'o S-4°28'7 E [F] 24— o°2i'o S-3°53'45 E [F] 25— o°i9'o S-4°56'i5 E [F] 26— o°2i'o S-6°9'52 E [F] 27 — o°i5'o S-7°i'37 E [F], Sao Tome de nouveau en vue, au . . . " NE ". (en reaUte, plutot au NW?) 28— o°38'o S-7°5o'o E [F] 29— i°22'o S-8°ig'o E [F] 30— i°36'o S-8°46'37 E [F] 31— i°5i' S-9°25' 30 E [F] Juin 1816 I— 2°0'0 S-9''29'22 E [F] 2— 2°i9'o S-9°23'45 E [F] 3 — 2°io'o S-9°57'o E, chron. (io°io'o" o* [F] et 9°29' [H^, p. 489] la cote d'Afrique en vue. 4— 2°i3'o S-9°58'7 E, chron. (9°25'37 O j) [F] 5-2°i4'o S-9°55'i5 E [F] 6— 2°26'o S-9°3'o E [F] 7— 2°3i'o S-9''i5'7 E [F] 8— 2''4i'o S-9°i6'o E [F] 9— 2°5i'o S-9°8'52 E [F] 10— 2°58'o S-9°2i'22 E [F] II— 3''5'o S-9°36'i5 E [F] 12- — 3°i4'o S-9°i2'22 E [F] 13— 3°i5'o S-9°38'o E [F] 14— 3°26'o S-8°47'7 E [F] 15— 3°28'o S-8°i8'i5 E [F] 16 — 3°27'o S-8''52'45, chron. (9°4'o o i) [F] 17 — 3°i2'o S-9°59'30" E, chron. (io°7'30 O j) [F] 18— 3°24'o S-io°44'3o" E [F] 19 — 3°4o'o S-io°54' E [F] 20— 3°42'o S-io''47'45 E [F] JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 15 21— 3°42'o S-io°43'i5 E [F] 22 — 3°42'o S-io°53'o E [F] 23 — ^3°42'o S-io°59'o E [F] 24-3°34'o S-ii°i3'o E [F] (3°34' S-ii°i3'36" E [Hg, p. 492]) 25 — 3°49'o S-ii°5'o E [F] 26— 4°8'o S-ii°i4'3o E [F] (ii°i5'22"E [Hg, p. 492]) 27-4°9'o S-ii°37'o E [F] {ii°38'37" E [Hg. p. 493]) 28 — 4°24'o S-i2°ii'o E [F], [I : 4°3o', devant Loango] 29 — 4°44'o S-i2°i4'o E [F] 30 — 5°2'o S-i2°i5'3o E [F], mouillage devant Malemba Point Juillet 1816 I— 5°i7'o S-i2°io'i5 E [F] 2— 5°3o'o S- ? [F] 3-5°37'o S- ? [F] 4 — Au large de Cabinda (mouillage) 5- id. 6— 5°4o'o S- ? [F] 7-6°5'S - ? [F] Mouillage I'apres-midi devant Shark Point (P. Padrao, ou S. Antonio) sur la rive gauche de I'embouchure du Congo. On remarquera, d'apres le croquis, qu'un certain nombre de points meridiens obtenus se placent a I'interieur des terres. Smith (He, p. 260) I'avait note mais en incriminant seulement les cartes utilisees : " The longitude of this coast is very erroneously marked on the charts, so that according to the most recent, and we may suppose the best, it appeared from several good lunar observations, we should have been sailing inland to a considerable distance ". Mais comme les positions observees restent " continentales " meme sur les cartes modernes, il faut bien se demander si I'erreur ne pourrait pas egalement provenir du degre de precision des observations. La remontee du Congo devait se reveler difficile ; la " Dorothy " — " that brute of a transport " dira Tuckey — devra rester dans I'estuaire, le " Congo " et une flotille d'embarcations poursuivront vers I'amont. On est au celebre " Fetish Rock " le 25 juillet, a Embomma (Boma) le 3 aout ; le " Congo " restera mouille dans la region, la flotille continuant sa route le 6 aout pour remonter jusque vers Nokki, mais se verra arrStee par les rapides de Yellala ; il va falloir abandonner la navigation et continuer, le 20 aout, par voie de terre, sur Kullu et Inga ; mais les difficultes deviennent telles, k tant d'egards, que le 10 septembre, a " Soondy N'Sanga ", le petit groupe parvenu jusque la (Tuckey, Hawkey, Smith) se voit contraint de faire demi-tour pour atteindre le " Congo " le 17 et la " Dorothy " le 18. Mais deja sont morts : a Boma, Tudor (29 aoiit), Cranch (4 Sept.) et Galwey (9 sept.) ; Smith mourra le 22 sur la " Dorothy " , puis Tuckey le 4 octobre" et Hawkey le 615 • les deux navires arrivaient a Bahia le 29 octobre, apres une traversee de 28 jours. "Le -i fide Leyden, 1817, p. 507 '5 Le i fide Leyden, 1817, p. 507 l6 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1916) IV. LES TEXTES ZOOLOGIQUES On trouvera ci-dessous les principaux textes zoologiques que contiennent les papiers de Cranch, completes, a I'occasion, par des extraits des recits de Tuckey et de Smith. J'ai bien entendu respecte les graphies originales'^, la seule modification apportee etant la mise en italiques des noms latins d'animaux, a la fois dans les transcriptions de manuscrits et dans les citations d'imprimes, ce qui, je crois, faciUtera la lecture ; j'ai dii egalement, parfois, preciser un peu la ponctuation. 1° Remarks on Animals &c. On a vu plus haul qu'il existe deux documents portant ce titre [A, s.d. et B, June 29, 1816] : sans etre identiques ces deux textes ne m'ont cependant pas paru meriter une publication in extenso separee et j'ai done essaye de les combiner, en suivant I'ordre chronologique, jour par jour quand cela aura ete possible ; des extraits des joumaux de Tuckey [H b] et de Smith [H c] sont ajoutes la ou Us ont paru neces- saires. Sans date, mais evidemment en mars, dans la Manche. [1] " Lams caniis, very plentiful following the ship & picking up with great dexterity any food thrown overboard ". " Larus ftiscus, often in company with the preceeding species but the proportion in number certainly not more than i to lo ". " About 20 miles SW of Scilly I saw 4 or 5 of a species of gulls which I conceived to be Larus argentatus — Also a few of Procellaria Pelagica & a single specimen of Procellaria puffinus " [A, p. i ; cf. B, p. i] "... the Naturalists became most grievously sea-sick " (H 6, p. 8). March 20 " March 20. In the forenoon when we were about 30 miles from Land (Scilly being the nearest to us) a Motacilla alba flew by us & a Chaffinchi' perch'd on our rigging — Most probable these birds were blown of {sic"] by a late gale of wind [A, p. I ; cf. B, p. i]. " Larus canus ne disparaitra que le 23 " when Cape Finisterre, the nearest land, was 200 miles distant " (H 6, p. 8-9). March 26 " March 26. Several of the common Porpoise^* were seen along side [A, p. i] ". March 27 March 28 " 28. A Turtle taken & carried on board the Congo. I think the Imbricata^^. 1^ A une exception pr^s, celle du mot bonito (pi. bonitos) dont il ^tait souvent impossible de preciser rorthographe manuscrite. d'aiUeurs ind^cise, de Cranch. ^"^ Fringilla Celebs [B, p. l] IB Delphinus Phocaena [B, p. i] 1° Logger-head {Tesludo carelta) d'apr&s H b, p. 9, done Caretta caretia (L. 1758), ce qui parait plus vrEusemblable. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 17 From this animal were taken several Lepas, which not only adhered by the peduncles to the coriaceous covering but also about the neck &c of the Turtle. No. i. 2 on the lead & 595 & 1020 mark'd on the bottles are a few that were taken of [sic]. I con- sider them as 2 distinct species, the one perhaps the Lepas anatifera of Linne & the other the Lepas memhranaceus of Montagu " [A, p. i ; cf. B, p. i : L. membranacea]. March 29 March 30 " 30, A few Mollusca passed along side, such as Portuguese Men of War &c but could not take any. Saw a species of gull at some distance, 2 others were also seen, we were at this time not many Leagues from Madeira. A shoal of Porpoises came along side at night " [A, p. I ; cf. B, p. i : Holothuria Phy salts, Salpa &c, Delphinus Phocaena]. " After losing our English Gulls, two birds only were seen on the Day before making Madeira-", the one a large bird ressembling a raven, the other an ash coloured gull •■ (H b, p. 10). March 31 Madere en vue (H b, p. 10 et H c, p. 233). April 1 April 2 " For the last few days we have seen but little that could be considered as remark- able on the ocean. A number of porpoises tumbling about the vessel ; two large birds, the species of which, at the distance we observed them yesterday, could not be determined ; some Medusae, probably Medusa peUucida, but of which we have not been able to catch any, were all of the animal creation we got sight of. On board the Congo I saw a small whale, also a small turtle covered with two or three species of Lepas, which we dissected, and a small species of Cancer, probably the Cancer ftdgens of Sir Joseph Banks^i " (H ^, p. 234 : le Prof. Smith avait embarque sur la Dorothy ; il est ici sur le Congo). April 3 " April 3. A few Medusae were taken this day in a small nett I threw out along side, they were so pellucid that when immersed in salt water were scarcely discern- able, each possessed [sic] 4 tentacula & these were very slender. From the extremity of one point to the other not above 4 inches. — A specimen also of Helix Janthina & a Nautilus spiralis were drawn up in the nett. The former shell is to [sic] well known to need any remark but as this had the animal inhabitant which I apprehend is not often found I shall describe it. — The animal is dusky tinged with bluish. Tentacula 4, the aperture of the mouth is strongly dentated with long curved teeth & can ^^ Done le 30 mars. 21 Cancer fulgens Banks ex Macartney (Phil. Trans., (100), 1810, p. 262, pi. XIV/1-2) parait un Euphau- siac^. • B i8 JOHN CRANCH. L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) scarcely be withdrawn within the shell. — Took also 2 more of Nautilus spiralis 8c 2 Portuguese Men of War, & with one of the latter a small animal preserved in Bottle no. 328. Lead no. 3, which answers to the following description — Mouth central placed on the underside & surrounded with numerous tentacula, a thin membrane of a rich blue colour surrounds the margin extending over 1/3 of the diameter of the shield & which probably can be [2] distended wholly over it according to the will of the animal ; the shield is eUiptical, of a pale horn colour with numerous concentric tuberculated lines which are intersected by a deep marginated groove running trans- versely across the shell ; from the ridge of the back rises obliquely a membranaceous transparent, pyrimidal [sic] crest, at the apex of which extend two fimbra [sic] of a rich blue colour. Length of the animal 2/3 of an Inch, breadth 1/2 Inch, height of the pjTamidal crest 1/3 Inch — The generic characters agree with the Velellela [sic] of Lamarck — On the 5 [April] we procured several more of these animals of inferior size : they were floating near the surface with the crest erect above the sea ; the tentacula extend beyond the margin ; when placed in bucket of sea water their loco- motion was scarcely perceptable [sic] " [A, p. 1-2 ; cf. B, p. 2] [au crayon dans la marge : No. 4 Vellela 452] " . . .as the scientific gentlemen were now pretty well recovered from their sea sickness . . . the tow-net was put overboard and collected some of these animals, all of the Vellela genus ". (H i, p. 9). " The towing net was now become tolerably successful, taking up from time to time various species of moUusca, such as the Portuguese men of war, [Holothuria physalis), Vellela mutica (La Marc), Thcdis trilineata (ib.) besides some testacea, viz. the Helix ianthina, with the living animal ; many dead shells of the Nautilus spiralis, &c specimens of all which were preserved by Mr. Cranch. " The holothuria made its first appearance on the 4th instant in latitude 24°i3', longitude i8°3i', temperature of the atmosphere at noon being 68°, of the surface of the sea 65°. These animals continued more or less abundant until past the Cape Verde islands, when they entirely disappeared " (H b, p. 11). " The sea begins to exhibit a greater abundance of animals. Cranch is at length preparing to fish up whatever he can catch. In the last few days we have constantly seen and caught a great number of Portuguese men-of-war [Holothuria physalis) ; also a small eatable^^ Velila [sic] (which I sketched) ; a Salpa ? which emits hght and a Medusa, with four tentacula. On board the Congo I saw a Loligo vulgaris, and a fragment of a small Nautiltts, covered by a species of Lepas " (H c, p. 235, prob- ablement le 3 avril). April 4 " April 323. Taken in the nett a small species of Cancer mark'd among Crustacea No. I ; it is nearly allied to the C. hexapus of Linneus & Pennant, but evidently dis- tinct from the form of the margin in front of the shield ; it appears a young female " [A, p. 2 ; cf. B, p. 2]. 22 II n'y a cependant aucun doute sur I'adjectif .... 23 Sans doute le 4, comma I'indique B, p. 2 : " 4. Took a small Cancer, very like the C. Hexapus of Pennant ". JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 19 April 5 " 5. A specimen of Oniscii or some genera approximating to it, mark'd No. 2 " [A, p. 2]. April 6 " 5.'"'' A number of Portuguese men of war [blanc] were taken ttiis day & several hundreds were seen floating along side. Some of us were severely punislied by making to [sic] free in examining those animals. They appear capabable [sic] of inflicting the pain only from those filiments [sic] or threads which extend like the tentacula but are most probably ova ; the sensation occasioned by the wound is very similar to the sting of the common nettle but continues much longer & is more violent ; it produces considerable inflamation which does not wholly subside for some hours — The [sic] appear beautiful animals as they swim along on the sea ; the whole of the air bladder is raised above the surface on which is a thin membrane, erectable at the will of the animal ; this at the extreme edge on back is of a bright flesh colour & of a cuneiform figure ; the tentacula & strings of ova which radiate from beneath are of a deep blue purple colour, some of the lines of ova measured upwards of three yards — On examination of some of the parts with a microscope innumerable pellucid globules were discovered & which are probably Medusae on which it feeds ; the largest taken did not exceed 7 Inches in the length of its inflated bladder. A few we put in sea water had evidently the power of contracting or distending the air bag which floats them on the surface ; whether [sic] they possess it sufficiently to enable them to sink much below the surface I have yet had no opportunity to ascertain. " " No. 4 lead 452 on the bottle contains several Vellela " [A, p. 2 ; cf. B, p. 2 : Holothuria Physeter]. April 7 " 5.25 Many of the Nautilus spiralis were taken but all dead specimens ; to most of them were found attached 2 if not 3 species of Lepas, one of these is evidently the L. Fascicularis Montagu, the other to me a species unknown, unless it should prove the L. sulcata described & figured in Test. Britannica from a few specimens found on the Devon Coast [3]. They are preserved in bottle No. 5. The peduncle of the Lepas like the sulcata is a rich blue colour ; the edges of the valves from whence the tentacula protrude are frequently spinous & in others the spines regularly extend over the ridges of the larger valves, in a few the ridges are much more elevated than others & I am almost inclined to think this character wUl make sufficient distinction to separate them : at least it is a curios [sic] variety " [au crayon dans la marge : No. 5. Lead] [A, p. 3 ; cf. B p. 2]. April 8 " April 726. An individual of the common Flying Fish (£. volitans) was taken on board ; it is the first I have yet seen in so recent a state ; it is of small size, not above 2* En r(5alit4, le 6 avril [B, p. 2]. 25 Sans doute le 7 avril (B, p. 2). 2i> Sans doute le 8 avril (B, p. 2). 20 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 9 Inches in length ; the color [sic] of the iris white, pectoral fins 5 Inches long. Took also a species of Globe Fish ; length rather more than one Inch, the inflated part of a beautiful silvery white. Irides white. Fins white, upper part of the head & Back pale blue, with 9 transverse dark blue bars across the latter ; tail white with a small blue oval patch situate [sic] towards the exterior end. It was alive when taken, preserved in Bottle no. 6 Lead [au crayon dans la marge : preserved in N.6 & 4 Diodon April 22-23]. Several of H. Jcmthina were also taken, the animals were in aU of them & on being immersed in spirit emitted a beautiful purple colour " [A, p. 3 ; cf. B, p. 2-3]. " With the exception of the Mollusca, &c taken up by the towing net, our Natur- alists had no subjects to employ themselves on since entering the tropic ; a single flying fish {Exocoetus volitans), the first seen, was found dead on the deck the morning of making Boavista, but neither dolphin, bonito, albicore, shark, or tropic bird was yet seen " (H b, p. 12). April 9 Arrivee a Porto Praya, St. lago " 9. N. 7 Lead, contains 4 shells : I know no genera referable to their characters ; the shells are horn colour, with them were several Crustaceous Insects, 2 are nearly allied if not Monoculii, the N° of the Bottle in which they are is 954 [au crayon dans la marge : on addition to these shells, is a flask-shaped one taken April 17 & dec. that day. N°. 7]. This day I went on shore at a Bay a short distance from Porto Praya, St. lago ; I collected a few shells such as fragments of Cones, among which were C, lextilis^'' but did not procure one of these species alive ; took a few Patella, 2 species. 2 or 3 do. Turbo & a few Echinii of a species I have frequently seen in collections. Two or three Crustacea, one is a Land Crab ; few Insects were seen except Gryllii which were plentiful but not above 2 or 3 species ; I saw a pretty species of Alcedo but could not procure it. Likewise several of the Falcon genus and on going on shore for the first time saw the Tropic bird (P. [haeton aethercus]) I strongly suspect some of them breed in this Island, as we saw them fly into the holes of the Rocks at parts that are inaccessable [sic] to man. Eagles certainly breed here " [A, p. 3 ; cf. B, P-3]- April 10 Porto Praya " 10. This day procured a single specimen of the Alcedo I saw yesterday^'. The natives call it Passerine ; the Bill is orange Red ; irides dusky ; throat white ; feathers on the head a trifle elongate forming a short crest on the head & of a deep ash colour ; hind part of the neck rather lighter ; back & wing coverts black ; a line on the upper part of the back, the upper part of the tail feathers & a bar across the wings of a bright mazarine [corrige au crayon : azur] blue ; on the primary quiUs a white patch ; under wing coverts & vent orange brown ; legs orange red ; length about 9 Inches. It is not an uncommon bird at Porto Praya & in its neighborhood *' Le Conus textilis Linni 1758 est indo-pacifiquc. 2* Corythaeola cristata. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 21 & is extremely tame, suffering us to come very near as they sit on the branches of the yatrofa trees^s. On which they most commonly reside. I could not procure the nest although I afterwards shot several of the birds. [4] Of Eagles I saw 2 species one of which was shot by Mr Fitzmaurice from the stem of our vessel & is preserved : it is a species of Fishing Falcon ; I noticed one in the act of pouncing on his prey, it kept hovering a few seconds & then dropt with astonishing velocity in the water & snatch'd up the finny prize with great dexterity. The other Eagle is superior in size & is not uncommon around the town of Porto Praya & in the adjacent mountains : it appears bluish ash color [sic] on the back ; the upper margins of the wings & tail black ; I shot at 2 or 3 but was not fortunate to bring one down ; about 4 miles distant inland in one of the lofty mountains I found a nest belonging to this bird : it was built near the summit among the rocks & composed of loose sticks hned on the inside with goats hair & a few other soft materials ; in it was one egg, rather larger than a common fowls, white & almost cover'd with rust colour blotches & spots somewhat like the Kestrils ; the old bird was sitting at the edge of the Rock but flew away before I came within shot ; within 10 yards was found the nest of another Hawk, a specimen of which I shot the evening before on one of the Palm Trees adjoining the town ; this species bears some shght resemblance to the sparrow hawk but is of inferior size ; the eggs are also quite different from that bird, being more round & almost of a uniform red colour. The common swift (Hinmdo Apus) is not uncommon in the mountains. A number of birds very similar to the common or European tree sparrow were also seen : I shot several ; it has all the habits & manners of the House sparrow, congregates together, has the chirp & other notes so similar that I really suspect is one of these birds ; they breed in some of the trees & are the most common bird on the Island ". " The Alcedo I shot is called Passerine by the natives. " On the hills I killed a small bird of a buff colour ; the inhabitants call it Pastor : it is a species of Lark, alaiida. " Goats are numerous but I believe they are the property of the natives : in fact their principal riches is goats, pigs, fowls with a small quantity of bullocks ; some flocks of sheep were also seen by a party who penetrated into the more fertile part of the Island than I did. " Guinea Hens are not uncommon in some parts of St. Jago, they are generally found in flocks, I saw one of above 50 but the [sic] were to [sic] shy to come within reach of the gun. The natives told me they lay in wait for them at the watering places which they visit once or twice in the course of the day or at the dusk of evening on the hills the [sic] frequent where several are sometimes killed at a shot. " The European Quail {Tetrao Cotnrnix) is found here but not abundant ; I did not see more than a dozen, one of which was killed. " Monkeys [Simia sabaea) are not uncommon on some of the Rocky eminances [sic] inland, they are shy & extremely nimble : I saw one but he was to [sic] nimble for me to procure. " Wild cats are found here, one ran very near me just as I had discharged my fowling Piece. 2^ Jairopha curcas. 22 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) " Insects (that is many species) were scarce, but the Grylliweve numerous, we took several, I think 3 or 4 species, but 3 of the Coleoptera, a few Ichneumon & 2 species of Bees which I found on the Aloe perfoliata. I saw 2 species of Papilio, very small, of a blue color [sic] but could not procure either. Many Land Crabs are on the Island, I took a small one. Shells are not [5] numerous ; one of the party took a specimen of Ven. dione & another a species of Spondyli " [A, p. 3-5). Le texte B (p. 3) donne quelques details compl6mentaires : " Of Eagles I saw at least 2 species one of which the fishing species is procured, the other species is of large size, of an ash colour on the back, the wings tipp'd with black, 2 other species of Hawks I also noticed one of which is very frequent among the Palm trees. I procured one specimen about 3 miles in the country. I found a nest of the largest Eagle, it contained one egg ; it was built on a verge of one of the high moun- tains, the female was shot at but unfortunately not killed, the egg was rather larger than the common fowls & entirely covered with rust coloured spots — The Swift {Hirundo Apus) is common here, we saw many flying in different parts of the moun- tains but could [not] ascertain if they breed here, perhaps it may form a resting place for a few days during their migrations from the southward to Europe — Fringilla domestica is plentiful here & is equally distestated [sic] for its destructive properties — In the higher lands I killed a small species of Alauda of a buff colour which the natives call pastor. Goats are numerous but all I believe the private property of the natives — Guinea Fowls are found in some of the montaneous districts, but they appeared very shy, I saw a flock of about 50 but could not come near enough to shoot them — One species of monkey [Simia Sabaea) is not uncommon in some of the upper parts of the mountains among the rocks, I saw 2 individuals, but they were to [sic] shy to get — The European Quail {Tertrao Corttinix [sic]) is scatteringly found here, one was shot to identify the species. The parts of the Island I was in were extremely barren in Insects. Except Gryllii I took almost every species I saw & there [sic] do not exceed a dozen — The fish we took in the bay were mullet & a species of Cod, but as accident upset the boat as soon as we had finished fishing I was not able to preserve a single specimen — In the bay adjoining Porto Praya town a few fish were taken amounting to above 7 or 8 distinct species — Echinii are very plentiful on the Rocks but mostly of one common species — a few shells were taken but none of interest or apparently of scarcity : Spondyli, Venus, Turbo &-c were all the genera that we could refer the few species we collected " [B, p. 3]. April 11 Porto Praya Quelques Poissons dont " a young white shark [Sqiialus carcharias) , barracoota, or barracuda and grey mullet. The others we were prevented from examining by a mistake of the cabin steward, who (supposing they were selected and put by for the purpose) caused these specimens to be dressed for dinner " (H b, p. 32). " Monkeys are offered for sale by every negro, and unless a prohibition is issued, the seamen will always fill a ship with these mischievous animals. The only species here is the green monkey {Cercopithecus sabaetis) " (H b, p. 35-36). " Cranch had been rambling about the plain, and shot a number of birds. Fitz- JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 23 maurice and Galwey, on the first morning [done le 10], had been very successful in fishing in the bay, but the boat was upset, by which they lost the fishes " (H c, p. 248). April 12 Depart de Porto Praya April 13 April 14 " Sunday 14. This day we saw a number of the common Flying fish along side : as far as I could observe, the principle [sic] part of their flight consists in one strong leap & the action of the pectoral fins was very limited afterwards ; the longest I saw out of the water was not above 1/4 of a minute & did not fly above 10 yards ; the greater part merely rais'd themselves a little above the surface & immediately again plunged into the sea. It was curious to observe with what apparent regularity the whole shoal rais'd at the same instant out of the sea & dissapeared [sic] together as if by mechanism ; they were of small size. — A Tropic bird (P. [haeton] Ethereus) flew round our vessel several times, the flight of this bird I thought was very like the common Pidgeon & at times is extremely rapid. Seamen call them the Boatswain & the common phrase is [une phrase en stenographic] ; probably the Flying Fish are its principle [sec] food — I was pleased to see a well known species of Swallow [Hirundo Rustica), which powers [sic] its melody from the top of our chimneys in England, fly very near us & 3 or 4 times round the ship ; it was so near as to make it impossible to mistake the species & is an additional proof (if any were now wanting) to prove these birds are seen in southern Latitudes at a season from which at a moder- ate computation they might arrive at the European shores soon enough for the breeding season " [A, p. 5; cf. B, p. 4] " Many porpoises (Delphinus phocena), flying fish, and tropic birds were now seen, and a swallow rested on the yards when 250 miles distant from the land " (H a, p. 40 sans date). April 15 April 16 " Tuesday 16. A number of Porpoises were seen along side this night, some were of very large size. This fish appears to me to swim with great velocity " [A, p. 5 ; cf. B, p. 4] April 17 " Wednesday 17. Took a fish, 2 Inches. Irides silvery white. Belly & sides blueish white, dorsal fin short. Tail very long ; on the Back & sides several irregular black patches ; it is preserved in Bottles N° Lead 8. — In the same Bottle is another fish taken the next morning (i8th) : colour in general deep black, tail fin white ; the dorsal fin consists of 7 spinous rays which are very sHghtly attached together by any membrane ; abdominal fins small but elongate, pectoral d° narrow & of small size. 24 JOHN CRANCH. L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) Pupil of the Eye black. Irides grey. The upper Jaw is truncated and the under jaw projects much beyond it & is rather bent upwards at the end ; both jaws are arm'd with long curved fangs, the 2 in each of the exterior and of the Jaws nearly 3 times as long as any of the others ; those in the under [jaw] largest. The branchiae appear regular & uniform & have about 20 denticulations, the fangs in the mouth of the fish are set in triangular directions & consist of about 40 in both jaws — In the same bottle. Fish. Body ver\- compressed, pellucid & of a gelatinous texture. Length about 8 Inches, breadth about 1/4 Inch, mouth transparent but appears rather [un mot ilhsible], the under jaw longest, the upper part not unlike the upper mandible of a hawk, each arm'd with numerous denticulations which inchne out- ward ; the Eye is small, pupil & exterior edge of the Iris black ; the Iris of a bright silvery white ; it appears to posses [sic] but one intestinal canal which appears like a fine white cord running the whole length of the body & which on one side branches into a few very minute spotted hues that are only cUscernable by the aid of a Lens & are not above i line in length ; we took 4 of this species — In the same bottle is an animal, orbicular, mouth central & placed beneath, underside brown. Back or upper part consists of numerous contractile ridges which radiate from the center & give the exterior margin rather a denticulate appearance ; colour of the sides bluish [6], upper parts brown mix'd with purple, diam. rather more than 1/2 Inch, 4 are preserved — Small animal. SheU long oval or rather flask shaped, pellucid & white, the inhabitant has some appearance of a Sepia. Length 1/3 Inch, width 1/3 its length^o, only one taken — We took several Crustacea at the same time, they are preserved in the C. [abinet] drawer N" — . Eyes placed close together. Palpi 4, articulations long, thorax oval & very spinous, the abdomen consists of 6 joints with a sharp spine on the 5 first, from the last joint extend 2 long tails which are flat & edged with red. — Took also a species of Squalus, length about 15 Inches, which we suspect to be new [au crayon : Now pres". in Bottle No. 13] " [A, p. 5-6 ; cf. B, p. 4]. April 18 " The towing net, which was kept constantly overboard, gave us for the first time on the i8th, great numbers of perfectly diaphanous Crustacea, resembhng insects of glass ; they were of four different species, and considered by Dr. Smith as belonging to the genus Scyllariis (La Marc, p. 156). We also took a small squalus, of a species new to us, and which from the form of its teeth may be named Squalus serrata " (H b, p. 40 : date ?). April 19 April 20 " April 20. Took 3 fish apparently belonging to the Gen. Chateodons [sic] Length about 2 Inches. Irides yellowish white. Pupil black, upper part of the head & back dark blue green, belly silvery but ting'd with yellowish, 2 dorsal fins, the first consists of 6 rays, the 3 nearest the head largest ; behind this fin are 2 small sharp spines, from thence the other fin continues uninterrupted to the tail. The pectoral '""... width 1/2 Inch when taken " [B, p. 4]. JOHN CRANCH. L-EXP£DITI0N DU CONGO (1816) 25 fins are small & tongue shaped, the abdominal fins are short ray'd but the fin extends to one half the length of the body, the thoracic fins are oval with about 6 Rays in each, pres". N° 9 Lead " [A, p. 6-7 ; of. B, p. 4]. April 21 " April 21. A few fish were observed round the vessel which seamen call Skip Jacks " [A, p. 6 ; cf. B, p. 4]. April 22 " April 22. Pres'J. Lead N° 10. Fish. Body & Head black, fins nearly white, particularly the tail. Dorsal fin consists of 15 Rays, those nearest the anterior part of the back considerably longest. Pectoral fins are long but very narrow & have each about 12 rays, abdominal fin very similar to the pectoral, ventral fin of 7 rays. Tail swallow shaped, the base of the membrane alone black, upper side of the head compressed ct obtuse, a hollow spine projects over each eye, under jaw is considerably beyond the upper & arm'd with about 22 fangs, the extreme ones three times as long as the others & very much curved, in the upper jaw about 20 fangs those near the ex- treme part of the beak very long & answer to the fangs in the under jaw, at the exterior angle of the Eye a small oval yellow patch from which proceeds a branchio [ . . . ] membrane which is regularly dentated on the inner margin. Length of the largest 2 Inches, breadth at the widest part of the body I Inch. The body is rather compressed, the Eyes are small, the Irides white. Pupil black, from the abdominal to the Vent fin are 2 rows of small silvery round spots — In the same bottle is a small specimen of the Flying fish, probably the young of E. volitans, the body appears minutely speckled with grey. Length i 1/2 Inch, taken with the preceeding. Also 3 shells.—//. Janthina—Cheteodon [sic]. Irides yellowish. Tail tinged with flesh colour, the upper part of the back is irregularly patch'd with small black patches. The Belly particularly the part that holds the intestines is ting'd with green gold. Length about i Inch [quelques mots en stenographie]. The same day we took a fish, probably belonging to Gen. Balistes. Length 5 1/2 Inches. Colour dull oUve covered with irregular white spots, pupil of the Eye black. Irides grey, pectoral fin yellowish brown, dorsal fin of 25 rays, spotted the same as the body. Tail fin nearly black with 2 rows of white spots. Ventral fin contains 20 rays, a large spinous process & a few small spines anterior to the ventral fin, pectoral fin 15 double rays, mouth very small & orbicular, palate white. — A Shark [SquaUis glaucus) was also taken at a hook the same day, it was near 7 feet in length^i, it was soon secured & the actions of the seamen verified the accounts I had read. The tail was soon taken of [sic] as the second dangerous [7] member it possessed, soon after the belly was opened & yet it continued biting any substance that was placed near its voracious jaws ; on opening it proved a female, a long string of ova were taken out & several young about 2 Inches in length, 3 of them are preserved in bottle N° II — The demolition of this general depredator was so rapid that I had not time to examine it attentively ; such a well known species however needs few additional remarks ; as they were drawing it up from the water I saw 2 or 3 fish apparently '1 " Squalns glaucus taken, length 4 1/2 feet ..." [B, p. 4]. 26 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) adhering to it & these the seamen call pilot fish, some of them I suspect were a species of Sucker [Echetieis), none were however brought on the deck — Adhering to the pectoral fins of the shark were a number of Crustacea, perhaps Onisci, many of which are preserved in Bottle N° 12 & a few are in the drawer of Crustacea N° — . I obser\-ed none on any of the other fins tho [sic] probably they extend occasionally to them all. " [A, p. 6-7 ; cf. B, p. 4]. April 23 April 24 April 25 " Thursday 25. This morning 2 Sharks were taken (S. ), they were both of small size, the largest was not above 4 feet long, in the stomach of one was a Fl\-ing fish & in the other was a few pieces of the first shark taken this day. — Attached to one of them were 4 sucking fish (Echenius [sic] remora), the largest was rather above one foot in length & the smallest about 2 Inches, the only differance [sic] in structure was the largest had one more stria on the back than the least. 18. 1732. The general colour of this fish is of a dingj' black, the Eyes are small & dusky, pupil black, around the Irides is a narrow silver line on the margin, the under jaw projects considerably beyond the upper, both are armed with numerous curved teeth, in the under jaw the 6 first from the corner of the mouth are disposed in pairs, in the upper jaw the teeth are numerous but irregular, a second double row is disposed in the backer part or palate of the mouth — at the base of the pectoral fins & e.xterior margin the fin is white, anal fin contains 22 rays. Dorsal fin very near the tail. Length of this specimen 9 Inches, pres*. in Bottle N° 13. " " A very large shoal of Porpoises were seen at some distance from the vessel this afternoon, at a moderate estimate there were many hundreds. — -We also saw a few birds, but they were to [sic] far distant to ascertain the species but most probably GuUs or Tropic birds " [A, p. 7 ; cf. B, p. 4]. " The first bonitos [Scomber pelamis) were seen on the 25th, in latitude 5°53, and many cavally or shipjack [sic] sported after showers of rain, while flocks of tropic and other oceanic birds hovered over the riplings they caused, in order to seize the fl>-ing fish frightened from their element " (H b, p. 41). " Our only amusement now was the taking of sharks, all of the white species (carcharias) , except one of the blue (glaucus), and the only one seen during the passage ; the largest of the former was a male, ten feet long, the latter a female im- pregnated, seven feet long ; she was unattended either by pilot-fish or sucking-fish, while the white sharks had many of both accompanying or attached to them " (H b, p. 41, pas de date). April 26 " Friday 26. A white shark taken this morning about 4 feet long, we also hooked another of larger dimensions but this fellow had the fortune to escape. 2 Baracota or 32 Done probablement Remora remora. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPIiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 27 Albicores past along side, one of which was harpooned but afterwards got of [sic] ; several Dolphins were seen at the stern but none taken. — We saw a few^s of the Stormy Petrel {P. Pelagica) : " [A, p. 7]. April 27 " Saturday 27. Two white Sharks^'' taken. A flock of Tropic birds passed near us, a few stonny Petrels were seen " [A, p. 7]. April 28 " Sunday 28. A few stormy Petrels were seen & Albicores & a small white Shark was taken " [A, p. 7]. April 29 " Monday 29. Tropic birds. Took a few Crustacea pres"". in No. 12 & 2 //. \_elix] Janthina & 3 small soft animals (MoUusca) " [A, p. 7 ; cf. B, p. 5]. April 30 " Tuesday 30. Three Mollusca. Three black fish with white fins, the same as be-[8]fore pres*. in bottle N° — " [A, p. 7-8]. May 1 " May I. Took in the nett 2 specimens of shrimp answering this description. Antennae more than twice the length of the body, composed of 2 long joints^s at the base (on which are several sharp spines) and from thence consist of numerous fine articulations & which enlarge near the apex into an oval form, or not unlike the bowl of a tea spoon, each of the fine joints have a slight spine. The Eyes are black & pedunculated but the peduncle is very short, projecting over each Eye is a short spine & immediately behind which are two others ; the sides of the thorax are smooth but raise in a ridge on the back, the first part of the Palpi is composed of 3 joints which are rather large & these are divided into 2 parts, that nearest the internal part of the antenna largest. Legs 10. The anterior & posterior pairs much the shortest, nails simple & sharp & of moderate length. Legs uniform in structure. Abdomen of 7 joints, the tail one largest which is rounded with an entire margin. Colour nearly white or very pellucid e.xcepting the sides of the abdomen which are tinged with red & the extreme or spoon shaped part of the antenna which are brown. Length i Inch, bread[th] at the thorax about 1/3 the length — Squalus^^ the same species as before noticed & pres"*. in Bottle N° 11. This is of smaller size " [A, p. 8 ; cf. B, p. 5 et C, fig. i, p. 32, non reproduite]. May 2 May 3 " May 3. Saw a shoal of Grampusses, within a few hundred yards of the vessel, some of them appeared of large dimensions — Took a small specimen of the Pilot ^' " Three or 4 ... " [B, p. 4] 3"* "Two sharks (S. characias [sic] taken " [B, p. 4]. 35 " 3 long joints ..." [B. p. 5]. 3* " Squalus supposed new " [B. p. 5]. 28 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (i8i6) fish^', length about one Inch, it is pres"*. in bottle N° glass 1909 " [A, p. 8 ; cf. B, p.5]- May 4 " May 4. This day we saw many Tropic birds in flocks & some were floating on the surface of the sea & others were darting with great velocity apparently on fish near the ream [sic] of the water ; with these birds was also seen a large brown bird with a very long fork'd tail, which was supposed to be Pel. aquilus^^ or the Frigate bird, it came more than once \\-ithin 200 yards of us, but the apparent expanse of the wings did not appear to me to be within many feet of what it is said this bird posseses [sic] {14 feet) & I should think 8 feet rather beyond that under the extent of the wings in this individual, it flew with great ease & swiftness & at times appeared almost stationary in the air as some species of Falcon do. It frequently darted down among the Tropic birds as if to attack them, or more probably to take from them any finny prey they had taken — Numbers of Flying & other fish were seen around were [sici this bird & the Tropic bird were congregated together. — Some few Bonitos & Skip Jacks were seen round us " [A, p. 8 ; cf. B, p. 5]. May 5 " May 5. A specimen of the Albicore [Sconib. ^9) taken by one of the seamen, I think it was rather upwards of 20 pounds & more than 2 feet long ; an immense shoal of Skip Jacks & other fish were seen at a Uttle distance from the vessel " [A, p. ^]- " A large shoal of the bottle-nose porpoise or dolphin of naturalists {Delphinus delphis) was seen ; flocks of tropic birds, and a few men-of-war birds (Pelicanus aqtiila) now also accompanied our course ". (H h, p. 43). May 6 " May 6. Two or 3 Albicores & Bonitos were caught this morning at the [9] bows of the vessel by the seamen ; one was taken with a grain a species of harpoon, which is fastened to end of a pole to which is added a quantity of lead to make the weapon more heavy & powerful. The others were caught at a hook baited with a rude ressemblance of a Flying fish & which is allowed by the fisherman just so skim the surface of the sea. The fish taken were inferior in point of size to the one we yester- day procured. They both appear at first sight very nearly connected, the Albicore (Scomb. Thynnus) answers this description : — First Dorsal fin consists of 14 Rays, the three first considerably largest, the sides of each ray strongly tinged with orange, on the back is a sulcus or groove immediately below this first fin & which is capable of receiving the whole of the rays which the fish can at will compress within it & it is most commonly in this position on the death of the animal ; immediately behind this is another dorsal fin which consists of 13 close set & thick rays, this fin is also ting'd with orange on the exterior margin, from this to the tail are 8 small 3' Gasterosteus ductor [B, p. 5]. ^Pelicanus Aquilex [B, p. 5]. 2^ Scomber Thunnus [B, p. 5]. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 29 spurious fins which in their recumbent state appear triangular in form but on being rais'd the base appears much narrowest & the fin gradualy widens to the exterior edge in an irregular form to the exterior edge, these fins are placed nearly equidistant from each other & occupy the whole space between the second dorsal fin & the tail. The tail is large & crescent shaped & has at least 40 rays, the last 6 on each side considerably largest, on each side the tail is a lozenge wedg'd shaped membrane that projects from the sides & extends to the a""" spurious fin ; the pectoral fins are scythe shaped & long & consist of 34 rays each, the fish has a groove on the side of the body, that receives this fin into it nearly its whole length, they were about 5 Inches long, the ventral fins are placed rather behind the pectoral & consist 6 strong short rays each, the anal fin has 13 rays which are placed very close to each other & guarded with a strong thick membrane, behind this are 8 small spurious fins, these as well as the fins on the opposite side of the back are strongly ting'd with orange. Eyes are large. Pupil black. Irides silvery, in some lights appear tinged with gold, the jaws are armed with a single row of small curved teeth & the upper part of the roof of the mouth is filled with very minute bony denticulations cS: which feel very rough to the touch of the finger. Branchiae 7. Colour of the fish in general of a deep blueish on the back, tinged with purple & other shades, sides very light brown, shaded with about 20 transverse white lines or stripes across the belly & sides, the number is however variable in different specimens, sides & head of the fish nearly smooth, the scales on the back are very small, but are larger near the base of the pectoral fins. — Length of this specimen about 2 feet, circumferance [sic] at the largest part 16 Inches.— The Bonito differs from the former in a few particulars'"", the colour of the fish is nearly the same except the fins of this are very slightly if at all tinged with orange.— The first dorsal fin has 16 instead of 14 rays & there are but 14 spurious fins, 7 on each side the tail, the sides of this fish are more silvery & have 4 dark stripes on each, which extend the whole length of the body. The Pectoral fins are also shorter. But one strong specific character which Capt. Tuckey observed is in the roof of the mouth which in this species is quite smooth. — From the stomachs of some of these fish were taken a few flying fish, I believe their most common food.— & 2 other kinds of fishes, one was a small Globe fish.— They appear very active fish in the water & very tenaceous of [10] life : that one lived for an hour after it was emboweled. — Those we had dressed were dry & rather strong tasted, very far inferior to the common Mackerel. — We this day saw a great number of Tropic Birds & 4 or 5 of the Frigate birds, but not apparently larger than the former in size, not. May 4. One of these was seen to pounce at & take a Flying fish as it was leaping from the sea " [A, p. 8-10 ; cf. B, p. $].*'■ ■"> D'apres Tuckey (H b, p. 44) TAlbicore aurait 8/8 pinnules et Ic Bonito 8/7. "" ^" ce qui coucerne I'identification des Scombres rencontres par Cranch, on pent admettre que son " albicore " pst notre " albacore ", thon i nageoires jaunes ou Yellowfin (Neothunnus albacora) tandis que le " bonito " est la Bonite k ventre raye (Kaisuwonus pelamis) ; ces deux espdces, me signale E. Postel, se rencontrent souvent ensemble et dans la proportion signalee par Cranch ; d'autre part, il se trouve, me fait remarquer E. Postel, que la figure de la pectorale de I'Albicore de Cranch (A, p. 11) semble en fait etre celle d'un Patudo (Parathunnus obesits), esp^ce dont on peut trouver des individus melanges aux bancs d'albacores et dont les jeunes sont difficile k distinguer de ceux de ces derniers : Cranch, par conse- quent, qui ne voyait depuis deux semaines que des albacores, sera tomb6 sans le savoir, Ic jour oil il veut dessiner une pectorale d'albacore, sur un patudo. Quant au " cavally or shipjack " (H 6, p. 41) ou " Skip Jacks " [h, p. 6 ; B, p. 4) on ne peut rien en dire, faute d'elements'd'identification. 30 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) May 7 " Tuesday 7. Took a specimen of Ex. volitans in the nett along side ; adhering to the pectoral fin was a species of Oniscii. Length i Inch, breadth 1/4 do. Body oval composed of 7 segments, the 4 & 5 from the head rather the widest. The tail consists of 6 joints & is not above 3/4 the width of the body & at the extremity is rounded & on its sides are 2 appendages, each has a joint from which issue 2 hooked points, these are about 1/8 on an inch in length, affixed to the body are 14 Legs 7 on each side, the 6 & 7 more distant than the anterior ones, the Legs consist of 3 joints or divisions, the first entire, the second has 3 small round articulations & is terminated by a simple hooked claw. The antennae are 4 & are rather strong for this genus, thej^ consists [sic] of 5 articulations each & taper to the point, the head is rather truncate at the point or lip & a small obtuse spine projects over each eye. Eyes black & oblong. Colour dirty blue tinged with brown & the margin of each segment lightest. — If it proves a new species I propose the specific name of volitans. A sketch is given of this Insect below [leg. en stenographie]^-. We this day saw also several Abicores & Bonitos. Also took a few Crustacea & which are preserved in Bottle Glass No. 1909 " [A, p. 10 ; cf. B, p. 5]. May 8 " Wednesday 8. A species of fish taken, it is pres"*. in Bottle 1909, length when taken about 8 Inches " [A, p. 10 ; cf. B, p. 5]. May 9 " Thursday 9. Numbers of Bonitos & Albicores were seen around us & 2 small Flying fish were drawn in my net (E. volitans) " [A, p. 10 ; cf. B, p. 6]. May 10 " Friday 10. An immense shoal of Albicores & Bonitos came almost alongside, there were some thousands. — A few Tropic & other birds were seen. — At night great numbers of fish were close to our stern but apparently at great depth, it was suspected they were flying fish " [A, p. 10 ; cf. B, p. 6]. " From the third to the tenth of May we had a southerly wind, that carried us far into the Bay of Guinea. Innumerable shoals of fish of different kinds, but chiefly Albicore and Bonitos, were swimming in all direction. Every day some of them were caught. Flocks of birds belonging to the tropical regions and now and then some men-of-war birds were seen " (H c, p. 255-256). May 11 " Saturday 11. Took a few common flying fish''^ with several of the long com- pressed fish pres"*. in 1909, probably the former were part of the shoal we saw the night before under our stem " [A, p. 10]. «Cf. PI. Ill, fig. 2. *' " they were of small size " [B. p. 6]. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 31 May 12 " Sunday 12. A Bird about the size of a Jackdaw flew several times near the vessel & we thought it would perch on the rigging. — The plumage appeared nearly black. Seamen called it Booby {Pelicanus)**. — A white Shark taken 6 feet long. — Saw a few stormy Petrels " [A, p. 10 ; cf. B, p. 6]. May 13 " Monday 13. Several Bonitos & Albicores were seen & a few taken. [11 : figures de la i' et 2' dorsales et de la pectorale de 1' " Albicore " = il s'agirait ici d'apres E. Postel du Patudo ou Big Eye, Parathunnus ohesiis]. " [12] [2 aquarelles d'un Cirripede pedoncule ( = Conchoderma. virgattim)] : " this species of Lepas was nearly membranaceous the 4 accessory valves small, those near the apex very minute, the others at the sides of the mouth triangular & very white, the general colour was bluish, the peduncle much the darker with 3 darkish brown stripes on each side. " " A species of Flying fish distinct from E. volitans was sent from the Congo for e.xamination. The abdominal fins consist of 6 rays. Pectoral fin about 18 rays but so mutilated it was impossible to ascertain the length or form, ventral 6, behind the ventral fin 9 or 10 long bristly spines probably the rays of a fin. — Dorsal fin situate {sic'\ near the tail with a slight membrane connecting the rays at the base, 12 rays. — Tail similar to E. voliians with at least 5 transverse bars on it — This fish has 2 singular thread like appendages to the under lip which are full 4/5 as long as the Body & taper towards the extremity, the pectoral & ventral fins are much further behind in this than in the common Fly^. fish, length not above 3 Inches. — Is it E. Meso- gaster P''^ " " With the above fish was also another answering this description. Pectoral fin of 6 small rays & situate just below the gills. — Dorsal fin near the tail, of 8 rays, the anterior ones longest. Ventral fin has 12 rays. — From the gills to the vent are 4 distinct rows of tubercles, two on each side the line of the belly, consisting of about 24 in each row ; from the commencement of the ventral fin to the tail are 2 Rows of tubercles which in this specimen consist of 15 on each side, from the posterior part of the vent [ral] fin to the tail fin, the body of the fish continues of nearly equal size, the tail is rather forked & appears as if it had been spotted. The mouth is furnished with a single row of very small teeth. — Length of the fish i 1/4 Inch ; breadth at the widest part 1/4. — Never since taken this species but mutilate — full 2 Inches long. I suspect the spots or tubercles in row [?] are variable " [A, p. 10, 12 ; cf. B, p. 6 et pi. II, fig. I et 3]. May 14 " Tuesday 14. Many albicores & Bonitos seen & a few taken. At night 2 birds, a species of the Lin. Pelicanus were taken by the seamen on the ship, they call them Booboes''^, they answer this description. Bill black 2 Inches long from the base of the **^ Sans doute Sula leucogaster. *5 Apparemment un Cypselurus juv., cf. pi. 2, fig. i. ^^ " 2 birds caught on the rigging, these proved to be P. soola of Linneus & the common name they are known to seamen by is Booby " (B, p. 6] : Sula leucogaster (immat., car le ventre blanc ne semble pas d&rit). 32 JOHN CRANCH. L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) mandibles & rather bent towards the point, margins smooth, tongue long & horny, at the corner of the mouth just at the inner edge there is a patch of orange j'ellow but this is not discernable until the mouth is partly open, the nostrils are open & full 1/4 of an inch in length & divide a groove by the side that seems full 4/5 the length of the upper mandible, the under mandible is slightly carinated full 3/4 of its length. — Irides dark brown, the front of the head at upper base of the bill is nearly white but increases in shade at the top were it becomes a fine light grey. The feathers sur- rounding the eyes on the lower sides form a Une of perfect white which continues to the posterior angle of the eye were [sic] it is interrupted by a small black patch, it commences again on the upper side of this spot [13] and continues to the front of the head. The whole plumage besides is of a line deep brown, the primarj^ quill feathers nearly approaching to black ; the under wing coverts rather lightest. — Tail feathers 12, considerably rounded. — Length from the beak to the extreme end of the tail 16 Inches. — Expanse of the wings 2 feet 8 Inches. — Weight about 7 ounces. — Legs rather short & small but webb'd almost to the claws, the middle claw is slightly serrated on the inner side. — The female differs from the male only in the colour on the head which is much less white on that part " [A, p. 12-13]. " The bird named booby [Pelicanus siila) now frequently settled on the yards in the dusk of the evening, and two of them were taken ; the external characters of these birds seem by no means to authorize their being placed in the genus of PeUcan. Of the two individuals now taken, the largest measured 18 inches from the point of the bill to the extremity of the taU, and weighed seven ounces ; the plumage a rusty brown, deepest and rather glossy on the upper side of the wing quill feathers, the crown of the head only being of a dove colour, lightest towards the forehead. The upper sides of the wing quill feathers black, the under side a dirty white ; the bill conical, sUghtly curved ; the nostrils \&ry open, being two wide longitudinal shts on the sides of, and about the middle of the upper mandible ; the eye a dark brown approaching to black, surrounded by a [p. 47] circle of minute white feathers ; three toes fuU webbed, the fourth toe behind very small, and quite free ; bill and legs black. This specimen on examination proved to be a fuU grown male. The second specimen, which was found to be a young female, was somewhat less than the first ; the dove colour on the crown of the head was deeper, nearly mixing with the general brown ; and the circle of minute feathers round the eye was black ; it differed in no other respects from the male. These birds were observed generally in pairs ; they fly close to the water with the neck stretched out and the taU spread " (H b, p. 46-47)- May 15 " Wednesday 15. Numbers of Albicores were around the vessel not less that 31 were taken (Alb. & Bonitos) by the seamen but they were generally of small size " [A, p. 13 ; cf. B, p. 6]. " A number of brown "" indicated that we were not far from land ; and on the i6th in the morning, we came in sight of Prince's island . . . " (H 6, p. 256). " The swarms of albicore round the ship were now such as almost to justify the *' Le mot n'a pu etre lu par I'^diteur : il y avait sans doute " boobies ". JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPEDITION DU CONGO (1816) 33 hyperbole of their obstructing the ship's way ; and twenty a day was the usual success of our fishery with hook and line, the flying-fish found within them serving as bait. The proportion of bonito appeared to be small, not one being taken to 10 albicores " (H 6, p. 47, sans date mais avant le i6 mai). " After passing Cape Palmas and entering the Gulf of Guinea, the sea appeared of a whitish colour, growing more so until Prince's island, and its luminosity also increasing, so that at night the ship seemed to be sailing in a sea of milk. In order to discover the cause of these appearances, a bag of bunting, the mouth extended by a hoop, was kept overboard, and in it were collected vast numbers of animals of various kinds, particularly pellucid Salpae, with innumerable little crustaceous ani- mals of the Scyllarus genus attached to them, to which I think the whitish colour of the water may be principally ascribed. Of Cancers, we reckoned 13 different species, eight having the shape of crabs, and five that of shrimps, and none more than a quarter of an inch in length ; among them the Cancer [p. 49] ftdgens was conspicuous. In another species (when put into the microscope by candle light), the luminous property was observed to be in the brain, which, where the animal was at rest, resembled a most brilliant amethyst about the size of a large pin's head, and from which, where it moved, darted flashes of a brilUant silvery light. Beroes, beautiful holothurias and various gelatinous animals were also taken up in great numbers. Indeed the Gulf of Guinea appears to be a most prolific region in these sort of animals ; and I have no doubt but the marine entomologist would here be able to add immensely to this branch of natural history. As it was found impossible to preserve the far greater number of these animals by reason of their dehcate organization, the spirit of wine dissolving some, and extracting the colours of others, and as most of them require the aid of a microscope to describe them, a great portion of them were lost on us, from the want of a person either to describe or draw them from that instrument " (H b, 48-49, sans date). May 16 " Thursday i6. This day immense flocks of birds of the Pelican & Gull species came within a short distance of us, many of the latter were floating on the surface of the sea, while others were darting on the flying fish that were abundant, none however came near enough to be shot, they were supposed to be the brown gull which is plentiful in the Canary Islands " [A, p. 13, cf. B, p. 6]. May 17 " Friday 17. Numbers of birds of the same species seen yesterday of birds were observed. — of Fish, Albicores, Bonitos & immense shoals of E. volitans & other small species, it was amusing to observe the activity exerted by the one species to escape from the predatory jaws of the other, we saw many of the Albicores & Bon. [itos] seize the flying fish when at some distance from the surface. — We took several Crustacea in the nett this morning. — One answers this description. Eyes on short but thick peduncles, their extremities fine blue. Antennae 4 very short, the largest not exceeding in length the peduncles of the eye & appearing to the naked eye like hairs but under the lens are found to consist of several small articulations terminating 34 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) in a fine point ; the inferior antennae are extremely minute & scarcely perceptable without the aid of a glass, on the upper part of the socket for the eyes on each side projects a single spine, which bends rather downwards at the point & scarcely reaches the extremity of the Ej-e, from the centre of the anterior part of the thorax extends a hollow & rather obtuse spine & reaches a trifle beyond the margin of the upper lip, the thorax appears nearly smooth but under the magnifjing glass are discernable a number of verj' fine hairs ; abdomen very narrow consisting of 7 distinct joints, the caudal fin very narrow & divided into about 5 pellucid joints. — Legs ten, the anterior verj' short & small, chelate, wrist small, the finger & thumb smooth on the inner margin ; other Legs rather long & double at the points or nails & on the margin near the naUs are several small spines ; colour of the Insect pale brown tinged with red, with numerous minute red spots on the legs. Length about 1/4 Inch, breadth 1/3 its length ; the annex'd is an outline [of] this species'**. [14] Crustacea. — 2. Colour of the Eyes rich blue, peduncle very short, but the Eyes larger & prominent, from between the eyes projects forward a long spine or rostrum more than 1/4 an inch in length & a similar spine projects from each side of the thorax, at the base of the former are 2 small spines near the eyes. — Legs 8, with 2 small appendages between the 3 & 4 pair which at first sight appear as the rudiments of another pair but which on close examination are perfect parts of the animal ; the legs are \'ery small & can be almost concealed with the tail under the thoracic plates ; the spines which project from the sides appear on the under part to be nearly hollow, antennae slender not one half the length of the horn in front. — The side spines on the thorax bend rather down- wards & forwards. — Abdomen narrow & consists of 7 segments, the caudal fin is very narrow & forked, on each side of the fork are a few long bristles. — A Crustacea some- what simOar was also taken but the spine on the back seems to be much bent & is not quite so long, perhaps a sexual distinction. — Length of the body 1/4 Inch exclusive of the horn in front which makes the whole animal near 3/4 Inch long " [A, p. 13-14 ; cf. B, p. 6.]. May 18 " May 18. Fish — Body very compressed, rays of the dorsal fin short & this fin runs from over the eye the whole length of the back. Abdominal of Belly fins run near the whole length of the under side of the body. Tail short cS: small rather rounded & consists of several very fine rays. Rostrum rather projecting & appears as if truncated or cut of [sic] at the end, the under part of the mouth is rather shortest. Eyes small. Irides bright & silvery white. Length about one Inch, breadth nearly equal to its length. This fish is so remarkably thin & pellucid that the brain & all the intestines can be easily seen through, 6 red dotted lines run the whole length of sides. — 3 of these fish are preserved " [A, p. 14 ; cf. B, p. 6]. May 19 May 20 " 20. Took a number of Crustacea in the [ou : tow ?] net " [A, p. 14]. 48 M^galope, non reproduit. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 35 May 21 " 21. Fish. Thoracici. Length about 2 Inches, breadth 3/4 Inch. Eyes black, Irides golden yellow. Upper part of the back & head olive green beautifully tinged with green gold & silvery shades, the belly & sides much lighter, the first dorsal fin is situate [sic] near 1/4 Inch behind the head & consists [15] of 7 rays, the 3 from the anterior are longest, the last spine or ray very short & appears almost to connect it with the 2 dorsal fin ; this fin reaches quite to the tail & consists of near 30 rays, the first 10 longest ; the length of the longest ray on each of these fins is ab'. 1/8 of an inch, the pectoral fins are short & very slight & contain about 15 finely divided rays, the ventral fin has 2 short but very strong rays, which are connected at the base only by a membrane, the abdominal fins contain about 20 rays in each & reaches to the base of the caudal fin. The tail fin is moderately long & rather forked & contains upwards of 20 rays ; the lateral line is considerably bent or arch'd immediately behind the gill & then continues in a straight line to the extremity of the tail, about 3/4 down the side of the fish this line becomes very strong and from it appear numer- ous radiations which are rather elevated on that part & slightly dentated ; the denticles fine & regularly set ; the fins in general are strongly tinged with orange. " " Fish. Teeth many, conical with a fine serrated margin. Irides nearly red. Pectoral fins small, ventral fins nearly black, 4 long spines round the head ; dorsal fins : the first small & short the second reaches near 2/3 the length of the body, abdominal fin almost like a very thin membrane, tail white & a little rounded. Length 1/2 Inch [au crayon : Bot[tle] 17]." " Fish. Body rather long & compressed a httle. Head small. Irides silvery white. Body paleish white. Dorsal fin runs nearly the length of the body. Ab- dominal fin from the tail to the stomach, the intestines of which are quite visible through the body ; the pectoral fins are rather long, the tips of which are red. — Ventral fins small, caudal fin rather forked, with a brown bar across at the base ; length I 1/2 Inch, breadth ab'. 1/4 of Inch. [Bot. 17]. " " This day vast numbers of those Pelagic fish Albicore & Bonitos & innumerable Exocetii, the flight of this fish as far as I have hitherto observed consists of one leap & the vibration of the wings if any is certainly very limited, some of them flew at least 200 yards & on the first e.xertion were more than 20 feet above the surface of the sea ; in general they raise against the wind — We saw at least 2 species [of] Gulls and other sea birds, apparently ^e/ecawM were very plentiful " [A, p. 14-15 ; cf. B, p. 7]. May 22 " May 22. Fish.''* Pectoral fins small & like a very thin membrane, consisting of 18 rays. — Irides silvery, ventral fins more forward, consisting of very fine long black rays, when closed appeared as one ray, body compressed & in shape not very unlike 2 triangles united, the first abdominal fin consist of about 6 rays, the anterior of which extend to near 2 [16] inches in length & terminates in a thread like append- age ; behind this is a fin of 12 rays extremely thin & delicate, on the middle of the back a kind of hump from whence projects a fin of 6 Rays, the 2 middle ones extend- ing similar to the first abdominal fin below ; the tail is moderately long but the *^ " Fish of the Genus Zeus ..." [B, p. 7]. 36 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPIiDITION DU CONGO (1816) caudal fin is slender, the second dorsal fin extends from the base of the first to the base of the tail & has at least 15 fine ra\'s ; the long appendages from the back & belly of this fish make it a curious subject ; the sides & belly were silvery white. Head & back blueish tinged, with silvery scales ; the mouth appears to be destitute of teeth. Length of the body full one inch, breadth nearly the same, length of the dorsal & abdominal rays including the 2 appendages full 2 Inches each ; these long rays were blueish. Took also a few Aphrodita from a piece of wood. " [A, p. 15-16]. May 23 " 23. Fish^o. Thoracica. Head with the upper part covered with numerous irregular ridges that give it a very rough appearance, from the back part project 2 large white spines which are serrated on the inner edge. Irides silvery ; from the covering of the gills project 2 spines which are also serrated, these are full 1/4 Inch long ; the pectoral fins are remarkably small, dorsal fins are fine & situate or rather commence just behind the point of the spine on the back of the head, abdominal fins come about half way forward the body from the tail ; tail of moderate length & rather truncate at the end. — Vent fins extremely small. — Length 1/2 Inch. " " Fish. Diodon. Length about i Inch, colour on the back olive yellow, on the Belly white. Irides yellow with 4 or 5 black spots on each. Tail rounded with 6 treble rays, abdominal fin 15 rays, the first 6 with double hues on each, this fin is situated close to the tail. Dorsal fin of 12 rays, with 2 hues on each, the gills are far behind the head & are very small at the openings ; all the fins are nearly white with verj- minute Unes. The whole fish is irregularly spotted with black, the base of many of the spines yellow [17], the mouth oval, the hps large & transparent & horny, within the mouth in the palate are 4 transverse ridges which serve as denticles. " 2 Albicores taken this morning, weight 84 & 85 lb'. Length 4 f. 6 I., 4 f. 10 I. ; these large ones had short white streaks on the sides & so powerful were they that 2 heavy men were lifted with ease by the strength of their tails — Fish was this day & sev'. preceeding was verj' plentiful around us & numbers of Albicore & Bonitos taken " [A, p. 16-17 ; cf. B, p. 7]. May 24 " 24. Fish very plentiful as Albicore, Exocetii, &c " [A, p. 17]. " 24. A few Crustacea taken, also a White Shark " [B, p. 7]^! May 25 May 26 " 26. Crustacea. Eyes on large & moderately long peduncles, the tips of a rich green colour, antennae about twice the length of the eyes & consists of 5 joints from 50 " Cottus " [B. p. 7, avec la date du " 22 "j. '• Cette indication se rapporte sans doute, en r^alite, au 26. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPEDITION DU CONGO (1816) 37 the shorter of which proceed 3 bristles on the inner side. Abdomen of 7 smooth joints, the last of which or caudal fin has a small notch in the middle & three spines on each side, those at the posterior angles twice as long as the others & each joint has 4 (?) fin appendages, of an oval form. Thora.x ridged, the sides towards the under part very much bent inward, a long spine projects in the centre of the front & on each side of the posterior angles a very small spine on each side the long one in front (?) & 4 other spines round the margin of the thorax & a very small one that rises from the ridge of the back — Fore legs of 3 joints, the third flat & oval & from the edge of which some very small hairs are discernable by the aid of a lens & at the base of which is a small appenda [ge] of 4 or 5 joints. Legs at least 10, the second pair very long, having long cS: simple nails, other legs very small & short. The mouth is placed just between the eyes & is apparently a small round projecting point. Length seldom above 1/2 Inch, breadth 1/4 ,pres''. in Bottle 3662. " " A shark taken this morning. " " Animal of shells pres*. No. 7. Two membranes from it similar to wings which it moves with great quickness, the centre of these purple. — Dr Smith has drawn a good figure of it " [A, p. 17]. May 27 " The sea is here uncommonly abundant in fish. The whole surface is often put in motion by the flying-fishes, when chased by others. Their number is immense. Shoals of them constantly surrounded the vessel, and at night they give out a white light, resembhng that of the moon, when reflected by the sea. It was also chiefly at night that we were enabled to catch, with the net, the greatest number of mollusca and Crustacea. Many different substances contribute to make the surface of the sea light. Some parts of the bodies of most of the Crustacea have certain glittering points, and two or three species of crabs were perceived to give out the most brilliant light. The points, which are to be seen on the mollusca are larger, but less bright. But that luminous [p. 259] appearance which diffuses itself over the whole surface of the sea, arises from a dissolved slimy matter, which spreads its light like that pro- ceeding from phosphorus. The most minute glittering particles, when highly mag- nified, had the appearance of small and solid spherical bodies " (H c, p. 258-259, sans date, mais apres le 26 mai). May 28 " I am often up at night fishing for marine animals, of some of which I make sketches " (H c, p. 259). " May 28 : We saw for the first time this day one of these floating islands, often mentioned, and which probably come out of one of the rivers of Africa. The Cap- tain permitted us to put out a boat, in order to examine it. It was about 120 feet in length, and consisted of reeds, resembling the Donax, and a species of Agrostis ? among which were still growing some branches oi Justicia ; and in the midst of these were seen a number of animals [Sepiae) ? " (H c, p. 259). May 29 38 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDlTION DU CONGO {1816) May 30 " 30. We took several Crustacea and on board the Congo was taken a specimen of Argonauta Hians having its animal inhabitant " [A, p. 17 ; cf. B, p. 7]. May 31 L^gende d'un dessin de Siphonophore : " May 31. This animal has frequently been taken by us from May 30 to June 5, but seldom perfect, in fact the long appendage [?] the head is but little more than ova attached to a long thread Uke [?] which severs from the head on the slightest touch, the string is of a beautiful orange & black colour & is sometimes a yard in length. The head & stomach of the animal are pellucid but very beautifully punctured all over. A, the head mag''., b the whole an. [imal], & c the mouth ; parts of this are luminous " [C, p. 40]. June 1 " June I. Crustacea. Body nearly oval with 4 long smooth sharp spines, one projecting in front, one on each side & one near the centre of the back, this inclines a trifle forward ; these spines were tip'd with red. Eyes blue, at the base of the head is red, the abdomen is extremely narrow & roundish consisting of 7 joints, the last joint a tail [18] forked & tip[pe]d with red. Legs remarkably small, pres". Bottle 821. Length 1/4 Inch. " " Crustacea. Thorax on the upper side oval, the sides bend in much & conceal the legs, from the front projects forward a single spine very slender full 1/2 an inch in length, this is alternately banded with blue & brown, from the posterior part of the thorax 2 appendages full one eighth of an inch in length, these through the lens appear articulated having 4 or 5 joints in each, the abdomen is very small & nearly concealed within the bent sides of the thorax, it consists of 7 joints, the last is nearly 1/3 its length & is of an obtuse triangular form with 14 or 15 long bristles on its margin. Eyes blue pedunculate, but the peduncle very short. Fore legs or claws chelate. Antennae 4, short spines at their base, small legs 10. Length of the body 1/8 Inch including front spine near 1/2 Inch — Bottle 821.^2 " " Sev'. Beroe pres". in Bottle 962, the bag or covering is of a long oval finely reticu- lated with purple veins, some of them were full 7 inches in length. " " Bottle 635. 35. Lepas shell of 5 unequal valves nearly transparent, the back plate large, round the margin of the valves a purplish tinge, shells slightly striated, tentacles 24, these are rather long & of a rich purple colour, the peduncle scarcely retractile & nearly pellucid — Length of the largest i Inch long, 1/2 Inch broad, Sev'. are pros'", from floating wood &c. " " June I. Fish Thoracici. 4 Rays in the branchia. Body very compressed about I Inch in length & nearly the same in width, pectoral fin of 10 rays apparently unconnected, head sloping above the mouth, under lip projects beyond the upper part, before the dorsal fin are 4 small spinous hooks. Dorsal fin consists of 7 cihae or hairs, ventral fins small, immediately behind which is a notch in the body from thence to the tail the anal fin consists of about 12 rays, unconnected & 3 anterior '2 Zoi dc Porcellanidi, cf. p. 56. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 39 spines — Tail slightly forked & has about 30 rays, the upper part of the back are blueish, the sides & belly silvery — Irides bright yellow " [A, p. 17-18 ; cf. B, p- 7]. June 2 June 3 " June 3. A few Medusae of very large size were taken. Several small land in- sects, as Ichneumon & one or 2 Lepidoptera " [A, p. 18] " 3. Several Mollusca, a few Lepas & 2 or three small fish taken [B, p. 7]. " The albicores which had accompanied us in vast shoals to the edge of soundings, and were taken in such numbers, that besides being consumed fresh to satiety, the crews of both vessels pickled and salted several barrels, now entirely disappeared, and with them the sea birds ; the white colour of the water changed to the oceanic blue before we struck soundings, the marine animals much decreased, and the sea lost a great portion of its luminosity " (H b, p. 52, pas de date ; probablement debut juin, apres I'approche de la cote). " The dredge was put over board, and brought up two or three species of echini, some small cancri, bits of coral, &c. While in soundings no fish were seen, nor any birds except an occasional solitary tropic bird or pair of boobies " (H b, p. 53, pas de date ; evidemment : debut juin). June 4 "4. A few Medusae. " " Crustacea. Antennae about the length of the body, very slender. Eyes extremely large & on short peduncles, rostrum short extending very little beyond the eyes having 8 sharp spines on the upper & 6 on the lower side. Thorax iinely punctured with 5 spines on it, one at each angle near the eye, one on each side & one immediately at the base of the rostrum ; the abdomen consists of 7 smooth joints the first 4 of which are carinated, the first from the tail terminates in a sharp spine ; on each joint are two swimmers on each side, these are rounded. Legs 12, the foremost chelate & small, the others very long, nails simple — The first 5 segments of the abdomen have hooked appendages which are long & pointed. Length i 1/2 Inch, breadth 1/4 Inch ; palpi large plates covering the sides of the mouth, broad & [19] thin. Colour when ahve red, the whole body red & punctured, pres*". Bottle 2075 " [A, p. 18-19]. C'est du 4 juin qu'est datee, egalement, une page (de 48 lignes) entierement ecrite en stenographic (a I'exception du mot " catastrophes "). Malgre I'aimable inter- vention de Mr F. Higenbottom (Royal Museum and Public Library, Canterbury) il n'a pas ete possible d'identifier le systeme employe ; c'est d'autant plus regrettable que si Cranch a eprouve le besoin de soustraire a la curiosite de lecteurs eventuels cet assez long texte, c'est qu'il avait quelque chose de serieux a tenir secret. June 5 " Thursday 5. Took 2 Paper Nautili or rather Argonauta, the species hians, one of these certainly had very recently had its animal inhabitant, a thin membrane of 40 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITlON DU CONGO (1816) which completely cov''. the aperture. Sev'. small Crustacea taken " [A, p. 19 ; cf. B. p. 7). June 6 " Friday 6. A few Mollnsca — A species of swallow came along side, it appeared to me [?] the House Martin {Hir. \_undo'] ) if not the same, it was shot at but unfortunately missed " [A, p. 19]. June? " Saturday 7. Took a fish, order Apudea. Certainly closely allied if not the same genus as Montagu's Zyphoteca^^ (Wer. Mem.). Length 18 Inches, breadth near the gills I 1/2 Ihch. Body compressed and carinated on both sides. Dorsal fin com- mencing near the back of the head & continuing to within 1/2 Inch of the tail, it contains about no ra}'s connected by a very thin membrane, the ra3'S are nearly equidistant & of equal length, not exceeding 1/3 of an inch. Head lengthend, the upper part between the ej'es projecting into a sharp ridge. Jaws long & prominent, the under one extends beyond the upper, teeth placed in a single row round the edges of each lip, about 30 in the under & 26 in the upper, 6 of them at the extreme point three times as long & large as any of the others, the other teeth, 2 only excepted, are nearly of equal size ; these 2 are placed at the point of the under jaw, tongue small & much shorter than the mouth of a dark colour & perfectly smooth. Eyes very large & prominent. Irides silvery. Length of the head 3 1/2 Inches — Branchi- ostegous rays 4, toothed on the inner margin — Pectoral fins of 12 rays, the last 4 from the sides considerably largest ; about half way down the belly is the vent which is very small & nearly behind which is a simple scale about 4 inches from the tail. The anal fin commences about 3 1/2 inches from the tail & contains about 40 equal rays, the connecting membrane extremely thin so that the slightest touch divides them, about 1/4 of an inch from the caudal fin the body becomes nearly round ; the tail fin is small but much forked & has about 33 rays, the body runs nearly equal in size at least 7/8 of its length & then gradually decreases to within about 1/2 Inch from the tail were [sici it becomes suddenly very small in this part & rounded. — The Body is covered with very minute silvery scales which gives [sic] the fish a rich polished appearance but these scales so easily separate that it is impossible to fully preserve their beauty long out of the water or even after the fish has been dead a short time — The fins are white, at the base of the Dorsal is a darkish shade running the whole length of the back, the upper part of the head is also darkish — Every other part of the fish appears like the highest poUshed silver & in a recent state is a most beautiful object "5-» [A, p. ig ; cf. B, p. 7]. [20] " June 7. In the after part of this day we saw two very large Grampusses " Le document B (p. 7) donne Zipotheca ; or Montagu (Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc, I, 1808-10 [1811]. p. 81 avait icrit Ziphotheca et c'est Swainson qui en 1839 (Nat. Hist. Fishes, . . . 11, p. 239) acorrig^en Zyphothyca. Jordan 4crit Zyphothyca (Gen. Fishes. H, p. 200). Zypothyca (Class. Fish. p. 180) et attribue meme un Xiphotheca k Montagu [eod. loco) — appel^ " Montague " dans le Gen. Fishes, H, p. 200-et (I, p. 84) un Xipotheca ; de plus, le meme genre Ziphotheca est placi dans 2 families diff^rentes, Stant tenu pour synonyme tantot de Lepidopus (Gen. Fishes, I, p. 84), tantot de Gempylus (II, p. 200) : le Zipho- theca de Montagu est synonyme de Lepidopus. *' Parait pouvoir 6tre le Lepidopus caudatus. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO {1816) 41 at a few hun''. yards distant, they remained under water not above 5 or 6 minutes at a time " [A, p. 20]. June 8 June 9 June 10 " Tuesday 10. Took 2 singular fish. Length of the largest about 2 inches, at first sight they appeared as animals allied to Laplisia [sic, = Aplysia] but the last specimen being perfect proves they are a species of cartilaginous fish. The order is doubtful, much more the genera they ought to be placed in. The first answers this description— Body of a long oval, moderately thick & rather tapering towards the tail, head blunt, skin of the body smooth. Eyes small & situate [sic] near the middle of the upper jaw. Irides silvery or rather gilt, mouth nearly orbicular, but the under jaw rather projects a little forward, both jaws are armed with numerous fine teeth set in at least double rows, the teeth are very small & sharp, tongue rather large, immediately on the head in a line from the centre of the upper jaw are two fleshy prominences which bear some ressemblance to horns & are about 1/8 of an inch in length, there are hollows on the back part forming a knd of small sack which the fish can depress or erect at will. No apparent gills or openings for breathing but just behind the head are 2 very thin membranes — above this are 2 pectoral members about 1/2 an inch in length which protrude from the side about 1/2 an inch in length, these spread upwards in a fanUke form, the extreme membrane of which is moveable in 2 or 3 directions, these fins move alternately in assisting the progressive motion of the fish, immediately behind these & protruding from the belly is a small fork-like shallow [?] body which is divided about 1/2 its length into 2 fins that spread out from the sides & consists of several rays the points of which are not connected by any membrane, the Dorsal fin commences a trifle behind the back of the head & continues within 1/8 of an Inch of the tail, the first anterior 4 rays are longer than the 9 suc- ceeding ones & behind which the posterior ones are the longest rays in the fin, anal fin situate [sic] near the tail and consists of about 7 stiff rays— tail considerably rounded, of 7 double rays— the colour of the fish dusky with a number of small irregular brown or purpUsh spots & varying in the specimens procured which are 3 in number & preserved in Bottle 774. " [plusieurs dessins au crayon] " perhaps allied to the gen. Lophius — a small aperture near the base of pectoral membranes " [cf. B, p. 7, mais au 9 juin] [21] " Batistes. Length rather more than 2 Inches, colour dark brown with a few small light spots on the back & sides, belly lighter, mouth very small. Irides yellow, the spine on the back has a triple row of small spines on it, those on the front sides are longest, this spine is about i/o [?] of an Inch in length, the Dorsal fin commences more than 1/2 way down the back & contains 28 rays, the tail is of moderate length & rounded & has about 12 rays, the anal fin commences nearly opposite the dorsal & reaches to within 1/4 of an Inch of the caudal fin ; at the bottom [?] of the belly, near its centre is a short protuberance covered with small spines & near which the vent 42 JOHN CRANCH. LEXPfiDITION DU CONGO (i8i6) is situate [sic], the pectoral fins are very small — June i^^^, pres*". in Bottle 39 " [A, p. 20-21 et un dessin au crayon]. June 11 June 12 June 13 " 13. This evening took 2 of Argon, [aula] Hians with their animal inhabitants, these very much ressemble Sepia octopodia, having 8 short & rather broad tentacula from which proceed numerous papillae, colour in general similar to that animal. — On these 2 animals being placed in a cup of sea water, they easily protruded themselves from their shells & swam at the surface or any intermediate depth, having all the actions & manners of the common cuttle. These animals by means of the papillae on the tentacles has [sic] the power of firmly adhering to any substance it comes in contact with & at times they fastened to the bottom & sides of the glass vessel they were in as firmly as many of the Patellae do to rocks &, the shell in that case serving them as a complete testaceous covering, in this position the shell may be easily drawn [?] from the animal as the attachment is very slight if it has any membrane whatever. — It is certainly capable of withdrawing itself wholly within its shell, much more so than some of the Helices, H. Janthina as an example. It ejects water to considerable distance from a small syphon or tube & also that dark inky matter so commonly emitted b\' the cuttle ; that this animal can wholly leave its shell there can be no doubt, for although one of the specimens we took withdrew within it & remained some considerable time & was placed in spirit of wine in that position, yet the other specimen by a considerable effort came quite out & left the shell not leaving the slightest membrane attached to the shell, the water was frequently changed to see if it had the inclination again to return into it but nothing of that sort that we could observe was [?] although it was lively for some hours. — Another we afterwards took the day following appeared to leave a very slight membrane when it quitted the shell. — On board the Congo M. Hawkey took several, the animal inhabitants were all similar, one of which he sent us & it is pres"*. with the others in Bottle [ ] as well as I recollect the fig. in Wood's Zoography of this animal is quite correct " [A, p. 21 ; cf. B, p. 7]. "... many of the paper nautilus (Argonanta sulcata), with the living animals, which, in contradiction to the opinion of the French naturalists, proved to be perfect Octopi* ". * L'animal qui forme cette coquille ne pent etre un poulpe La Marc, Animaux sans Vertebres, p. 99 (H b, p. 55, sans date precise). June 14 " A dead albatros (a bird rarely to be met [p. 261] with so far to the north,) was fished up " (H b, p. 26o-26i).5« 55 D'aprts B, p. 7 et la figure le petit Balistes serait bien du lo et non du 13 juin. *" II y a certainement une erreur de date, la rencontre du cadavre d' Albatros paraissant avoir eu lieu le 18 juin. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (i8i6) 43 June 15 " 15. Took a fish pres". in Bottle [ ] I cannot refer it to any known genera " [A, p. 21 ; cf. B, p. 7]. June 16 "16. A small specimen of the same fish we took yesterday " [B, p. 7]. June 17 " 17. Another specimen of the fish taken 15., of smaller size " [A, p. 21]." June 18 " Tuesday 18. The sea was extremely luminous this night with a small species of Crustacea a few of which are pres"*. & Dr Smith made a drawing from them " [A, p. 21 ; cf. B, p. 7]. [Wednesday 19]58 " An Albatross picked up along side the vessel but quite in a putrid state, most likely washed from more southern latitudes by the current, we also saw a few of the com- mon Tropic bird & 3 or 4 Pro. Pelagica " [A, p. 21 ; cf. B, p. 8]. " The same day a whale (apparently a species of Physeter, having large humps be- hind the back fin), struck our rudder with his tail in rising, and one of these fish rose directly under the Congo ; and according to the expression of those on board her, Hfted her almost out of the water. These animals indeed were now extremely numer- ous ■' (H b, p. 55). June 19 June 20 " On the 20th, a whale was swimming close to the vessel " (H c, p. 261). June 21 [22] " Friday 21. A whale of about 20 feet long came very near us. This & the 2 preceeding nights the sea has been extremely luminous arrising principly from myriads of Crustacea which rise on its surface at night. On lifting up the anchor a few fragments of shells were drawn up from the bottom, one is certainly the V. cincta of Pultney so common on British shores, another specimen very resembles the young of Biic. [cinum] reticulatum of Montagu &, allowing a slight variation from climate, is beyond doubt that shell ... A few stormy Petrels were the only birds we saw this day " [A, p. 22 ; cf. B, p. 8]. June 22 5' C'est ^videmmcnt la meme phrase que celle de B, p. 7 pour le 16 juin : lequel des deux documents se trompe, A en donnant 17 pour 16 ou B avec 16 pour 17 ? 58 Le document B (p. 8) donne 18 juin : et Tuckey note (H b, p. 55) : " The day we made the land a dead albatross (Diomedea exulans) was picked up floating in a putrid state, which seems to show that these birds wander farther towards the equator than is generally supposed " ; comme la terre a iti reconnue le 18, la date " Wednesday 19 " est sans doute erron^e. 44 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) June 23 " Sunday 23. Several fishes were this morning taken belonging to the genus Spams. The largest I have yet seen answers this description. Mouth with a single row of teeth, close set, 4 in each jaw, at the anterior part considerably largest & these are of a canine form. Branch [iostegous] memb[rane] of 5 rays. Dorsal fin contains about 12 rays, commences about one inch behind the opercle of the gills and continues to within 2 inches of the tail fin, it has 23 rays^', the 2 first very short, the next 4 longer than any of the others, from thence the rays gradually decrease towards the tail but I find the length of rays varies in dif [ferent] species & I find in a small specimen that 2 first in the Dorsal fin are quite equal to the 4 following, the pectoral fin is [?] and has 14 raj's, ventral fin with 6 short stiff rays & this fin is nearly white — Anal fin of 14 rays, the first short, the following ones longer, then decrease toward the tail. Irides golden colour, the tail fin consists of about 20 closely con- nected rays & is forked ; the body is covered with silvery distinct scales. Colour on the back red, belly & sides rather lighter, anal fin tinged with bluish. Dorsal and tail same colour as the back, considerably darkest at the base & sides of the rays ; length 16 inches, breadth about 8. In the young of this species about 8 Inches in length the canine teeth of this species are scarcely visible ; many of these were taken by the hook, perhaps a common ground fish on this part of the coast. On this day we drew up with the anchor a few fragments of shells of which one is similar to Tel. [Una] crassa var. of Mont.[agu] ; in the afternoon [a] large specimen of the fish above noticed weighing 15 pounds was taken, this appeared to have a large bump just behind the head but evidently the same fish in a more adult state — One next day, 18 pounds, length 2 feet " [A, p. 22 ; cf. B, p. 8]. " WTiales (probably Physeter . . . ) are seen daily swimming near the vessel. We catch every day a number of Spams resembling Pagms. Its flesh, though dry, has a very good taste " (He, p. 262). "... took a good number of fish of the S/)arz(s genus, named by the seamen sea- bream, and light-horsemen, the latter, from a reddish protuberance on the back of the head (fancifully thought to resemble a helmet) ; they were taken with the hook close to the ground, and baited with fresh pork or their own livers ; the largest weighed 18 lbs., and though rather dry and insipid, were infinitely preferable to the albicore and bonito with which we had been surfeited in the Gulf of Guinea " (H b, p. 57). June 24 " Monday 24. Two whales seen in the after part of the day — A small species of Certhia perched on the yard of our vessel, several Petrels, P. pelagaci were within a short distance of us " [A, p. 24 ; cf. B, p. 8]. " Sea birds had also entirely dissapeared, with the e.xception of an occasional tropic bird, and a few of Mother Carey's chickens (Storm petrel) ". [H b, p. 57, date non precisee). June 25 " Tuesday 25. Took a few Tipula as they floated by on the surface of the water ^^ II s'agit evidemment de la deuxieme partie de la dorsale. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 45 these insects were in great abundance & many of them hving, took also a specimen oi Phal.[aena] — . Two whales were seen " [A, p. 22 ; cf. B, p. 8]. June 26 " Wednesday 26. Many large shoals of small fish were near us on the surface — Some few Petrels, P. pel. [agica] — In the morning several spots in the sea appeared of a blood red colour, on examining some of the water it proved to be occasioned by a species of in/ustoria " [A, p. 22 ; cf. B, p. 8]. " Salpa. Very common on the surface by day or night. The eye looks like a globule of silver when 2 or 3 dozen are sometimes seen together, looking by their eyes like a string of beads [in] the water, the other parts of the animal pure white, but so soft as not to be kept [?], it appears to possess but very little locomotive power " [C, p. 40]. June 27 " Thursday 27. As we lay at anchor 3 fish of the Genus Diodon were taken with the hook. Largest length about 10 Inches, width about 3. Irides brown. Dorsal fin small situate [sic] within 2 Inches of the tail & consists of 12 rays. Lateral Hne very curved. Tail forked with 12 double rays. Anal fin made of 12 [23] rays. Pectoral fin truncate of 22 rays, back dark, the colour tinged with black sides of the head oUve green, the inflated part of the body of a pure white, belly d". & silvery, base of the pectoral fin quite black, a semi-circular white mark next it & beyond which the fin is of an olive green — Took also a specimen of Ichneumon length ab'. i Inch, banded & spotted with yellow — Sea at night very luminous " [A, p. 22-23 ; cf. B p. 8]. June 28 June 29 " Saturday 29. Two large whales & a thresher seen in combat at a short distance from the vessel. These animals row with prodigious fury[?] one against the other " [A, p. 23 ; cf. B, p. 8]. " Dorothy, June 29, 1816 Sir, The duties of the situation I have the honour to hold in this expedition demand I should embrace any opportunity that presents itself to communicate such observa- tions as have occur". & at the same time to transmit a specimen of each subject of Natural History I have pres"!. during this voyage. I have therefore accordant to those parts of my Instructions selected such as are needful & transmit with them a copy of my Journal to this day. I have endeavoured as far as circumstances would permit to keep an individual or more of every species taken & trust it will appear by the condition of the specimens sent that nothing has been omitted on my part to endeavour to preserve them as perfect as possible. Many of the Mollusca tho [sic] extremely interesting when ahve could not be preserved but my friend and com- panion Dr Smith has very kindly taken some correct drawings of the most remarkable 46 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) & which will hereafter answer every purpose to identify those species in future. I have endeavoured as far as my abilities will admit to retain in description some of those characters which are perishable in spirit &c. The dates also & peculiar cir- cumstances under which some of these animals were taken are noticed. This may hereafter tend to assist in ascertaining the Geography of a few but in my opinion it would require many voyages to ascertain with a degree of certainty the places & under what circumstances in general many species of animals appear. The slight know- ledge I have of General Zoology will I hope plead sufficient excuse for my not entering so minutely into description as I should otherwise do if I were well acquainted with the subject myself. I flatter myself however the species now sent will hereafter meet that attention which perhaps their pecuharaUties [sic] may deserve. I remain your obedient servant John Cranch " [B, p. i] " Some days ago the sea had a colour as of blood. Some of us supposed it to be owing to the whales, which at this time approach the coasts in order to bring forth their [p. 264] young. It is however, a phenomenon which is generally known, has often been described, and is owing to myriads of infused anilmaculae. I examined some of them taken in this blood-coloured water : when highly magnified, they do not appear larger than the head of a small pin. They were at first in a rapid motion, which however soon ceased, and at the same instant the whole animal separated into a number of small spherical particles. The sea has again assumed a reddish appear- ance ; but this is probably owing to mud, that has been dissolved " (H c, p. 263-264, probablement 29 juin). June 30 " Sunday 30. A few shoals of small fish seen, in the after part of the day sev'. Tropic birds " [A, p. 23 ; cf. B, p. 8]. July 1 " Monday i. A species of Dove was seen flying towards shore " [A, p. 23 ; cf. B, p. 8]. July 2 " Tuesday 2. A few crustaceans were taken this day in the dredge and presv"'. in bottles also a few valves of the hollow ridged cockle and 4 specimens of Mytihis " [A, p. 23 ; cf. B, p. 8]. July 3 " Wednesday 3. A few Tropic birds seen & a specimen of Phal. [aena] Bombyx Major taken on board, a large Papilio & a Sphinx were also seen but could not be taken " [A, p. 23 ; cf. B, p. 9]. " With the drag we have fished up several kinds of shells and Crustacea. An un- commonly large eel of a very good taste was caught on board the Congo " (He, p. 271 : la capture de I'Apode est sans doute ceUe du 6 juin). JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPEDITION DU CONGO (1816) 47 July 4 July 5 " Friday 5. A species of A}ias flew over the vessel " [A, p. 23]. En sondant " nothing was taken up but branches of an Antipathes " (H c, p. 271). July 6 " Saturday 6. An Eel sent from the Congo. Length upwards of 3 feet, circum- ference at the largest part 10 Inches. Body very compressed near the tail, upper part of the nostrils very conspicuous & open & placed about i 1/2 Inch from the mouth. Irides very silvery. Branchiostegous rays 4, smooth on the inner margin. Jaws armed with very strong teeth, in the upper the outer row for 3/4 the length of the mouth very much the largest & within which are many irregular denticulations very thinly set, at the extremity of this jaw are 2 very long canine teeth iS: immedi- ately behind this are several small irregular teeth, from the roof of the anterior part of the mouth rises a single row of ten teeth that are canine in form, the first from the front smallest, the under jaw has several rows of teeth, the first or marginal are small, the second considerably largest [sic'\, it has also several canine teeth in front that are larger than any of the others — the dorsal fin commences about 2 inches behind the head & continues to the tail, it is [?] about 1/2 an inch in breadth at the widest part. The lateral line is nearly straight but [?] broad & large & appears to consist of transverse or oblique short rays that nearly connect with each other — Pectoral fins small but acuminated — anal fin begins about 2/3 down the body & is not wider than the dorsal — Colour [3 mots ill.] on the back brownish, sides and belly silvery white & the pectoral fin bluish — At dusk when we anchored 2 or 3 Parrots flew [?] us. " [A. p. 23 ; cf. B, p. g]. July? " Mr Cranch shot some birds, amongst which were an eagle, an anhinga, several varieties of the king fisher, a toukan, and many small birds " (H b, p. 82). July 11 " ... in one haul [of the seine] thirty large fishes were taken, some weighing 60 lbs ; there were all of one kind, of the Sparus genus, and named Vela by the natives. They were found to be excellent in taste and firmness, much resembling the cod. The only other species taken were a large catfish {Lophius) and a few small mullets " (H 6, p. 83). "... a pool of water like a fishing-pond, where Cranch had just shot an .4 wAtw^a. We went down to the river side, and to our great joy found here the whole company, who had just had an immense draught of large fishes of a species of Sparus . . . Cranch had not been very fortunate. We observed but few insects, and the birds were very shy. I saw a number of parrots, small parroquets, a black-bird on the wing, and two small Moticillae [sic], but did not fire a single shot ". (H c, p. 283). July 15 " The collection of birds and insects is small " (H c, p. 286). 48 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXP^DITION DU CONGO {1816) July 16 " We saw traces of buffaloes on the sand of the shore. Of birds, we saw two species of the eagle, an Ardea alba, and Plains [sic] anhinga, three Certhiae, two Alcedines, two Fringillae, a large grey parrot and a parroquet ". (H c, p. 287). July 20 July 20. Scams. Dorsal fin commences about 2 Inches behind the pectoral & contains 40 rays, the first very short, the succeeding nearly uniform & the whole rather spinous. Pectoral fin rather slender, 15 rays ; abdominal f. very short with 6 strong rays ; anal f. d°, 8 stiff rays. Body & head cov''. with very strong scales richly [?] & with num. strong purple rays running transversely across the back. Teeth uniform conic in a simple row except at the ant. part of the jaw were [sic] 2 long project far beyond the others. Palate smooth. Branshiostegous [?] 4 — Length 3 feet, common at Sharks Point and near Sherwoods Creek — Used as food but not of any fine flavour — Native name Lovi. " " Scams. Bod}- compressed. Jaws smooth much retractile. Dorsal fin com- mencing rather behind the center of the back & consists of 21 not well defined rays. The first 6 considerably longest ; this fin extends to within i Inch of the tail & from thence to (?) the tail fin the body is rather rounded. Tail much forked. Anal fin nearly opposite the dorsal & about the seam length. Abdominal fin near the center of the bell}' [2 mots ill.], between this & the anal f. are 2 short stiff spines. Length from 8 to 12 Inches. Native name Covee. At Sharks point, Sherwoods Creek, &c. " " Scams. Length near 2 feet. Body thick. Dorsal fin begins just behind the gills & consists of 22 rays, the first 10 much the longest, the points quite spinous. Tail rather truncate, the Rays wide but not well defined — Pectoral fin of 12 R. [ays], the first 5 nearer the base considerably longest. Abd. fin of 6 strong rays. Anal opening about 2 Inches behind, large & very conspicuous, beyond (?) this at the beginning of the Anal fin are 3 very strong spines, the middle one extremely large ; the Anal fin has a rounded form & consists of 10 small rays. Branch [iostegous] [?] 4. Mouth beset with a single row of teeth very distant from each other, 7 in the front of the jaws longer (?) than the others. July 20 — plentiful at Sherwoods creek. Native name Comba " [C, p. 17-18]. July 21 " This morning we sent a party to haul the seine on one of the banks which lie close to Knox's island, and took great abundance of fish of four species, one being a Spams of a large size, a muUett (Surmuletus) , and an old wife (Ballistes) ". (H b, p. 90). July 22 " A large monkey was seen on the shore from the Congo. The Simio [sic] cephus was frequently brought to us by the inhabitants " (H c, p. 289). July 23 " Tudor chased several water-fowl, but with little success. Traces of Hippopotami JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (i8i6) 49 were seen every where in the sand. A singular species of Sterna and an Alcedo were shot " (He, p. 290). July 24 (Monkey's Island) " The fishing for oysters seem to be the main object of the negroes who live here. Large heaps of the shells of a Mya lay spread all over the shore, and a great quantity of dried and half-roasted oysters were hanging under the straw huts " (He, p. 291). August 3 " The wild animals of whose existence we have any certainty, are elephants in small numbers, this hilly country being unfavourable to them. Buffaloes, which are said to be abundant. Antelopes, of which a few have been seen ; wild hogs, the skeleton of the head of one being found. Tiger and tiger cats, the skins being seen with the natives. Monkeys in abundance {Simia sephus). The hippopotamus and alUgator appear to be numerous. The only species of fish we have seen to be peculiar to the river is a kind of cat-fish, and some small ones resembling the bleak. Among the birds are the grey and other parrots, the toucans, the common royston crow, a great variety of king- [p. 122] fishers, and many of the falcon tribe. A species of water-hen is also very numerous " (H h, p. 121-122). August 4 " We found several curious insects . . . We saw monkeys running to and fro on the branches of the trees [Simia cephus), and several birds, among which was a spotted Alcedo " (H c, p. 308). August 6 [B, p. 9-11] " Boma Aug'. 6, 1816 Congo River It might be reasonably expected from the reports which were currant [sic] before we left England relative to the natural production of this River that the collector would here find a golden harvest in every branch of Zoology ; from the short experi- ence I however now had up to this part of the River we are now ascended, I can de- clare excepting Birds (& those not numerous in point of species) all other classes of animals are extremely scanty & not easily obtained. Of Fish I have noticed about 4 or 5 species, 2 of which are pres". & sent, both of which I am inclined to think are well known. Reptiles are certainly rare at the mouth of the River or on its banks any were [sic] as far as I have had opportunity to penetrate ; I believe but one snake has been by any of the party seen alive & this was taken in the Captains boat. Three or 4 Hippopotames have been seen but these animals are very far from common in any part up to this in the River. One aligator has been killed, it measured 9 feet 3 Inches long, in external appearance it had not the slightest variation from those found in India & America, a few others not above 4 or 5 have been hitherto seen. It so JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) remains now for me to give a list of the birds &c sent, few if any of which I think are new. Birds &c sent in Tin Case. No. II 1. Certhia. Length ab'. 4 1/2 Inches. Bill much curved & black. Irides dusky color [sic] of the head, neck & whole upper part of the back brightish green. Gorget composed of a line of purple & red. Belly, TaU, Legs & wings black. 2. Certhia. Length 4 Inches. Colour in general rusty brown. Legs & tail black, throat a little tinged with purple, back feathers lightish brown. This & the proceed- ing were shot at Sherwoods Creek. I suspect the last is but the young of the former in an immature [10] state. 3. Certhia. Length ab'. 4 Inches. Back & upper parts ash colour, throat & beUy yeUow. Sherwoods Creek. The natives name of the three preceeding species is songa. 4. Sciurus. Head & Body yellowish brown & black, a light stripe on each side, taU barred with black, given by M. Fitzmaurice, it was brought on board the Dorothy by the natives near Sharks Point. Native name Conchae. 5. Toucan. Length i foot. Bill 4 Inches, very irregularly notched. Colour pied, black most predominent. Shot by Dr McKerrow the surgeon in this expedition whose kindness & wish to contribute birds &c to the stock collected demands & has my most sincere acknowledgements. 6. Mus. Length about 6 Inches. Tail short, general colour dirty brown, near Sharks point from floating wood picked up along side. Nati[ve] name Nooge. 7. Scams. This fish is plentiful at Sharks point, Sherwoods creek, &c. 8. Ibis. General colour brown, back a little glossed with purple. Length ab'. one foot, upper mandible of the biU much bent. 9. Certhia. Length 4 Inches. Dirty brown. Belly & sides lighter. Legs & bUI black. 10. P. [elecanus] Soola. Taken at sea on board the Dorothy, it certainly is not a true Pelicanus. 11. Alcedo from St Jago, the native names [sic] is Passerine. 12. Scarus. Sharks point, Congo R[iver], native name Combe, very common & used as food by the natives. 13. Ardea supposed to be the female of A. [rdea] cinerea, it is not uncommon in this River. Irides bright yellow. Natives call them En Zeddee. 14. Plotus Ahinga, shot near Sharks point. It is not unfrequent in other parts of the River between that & Boma. 15. 16. Alcedo. Black & white variegated, common every were [sic] up the River as far as we have yet been. Native name Sympalale Kongatoo^'*. 17. Supposed a [?] or a genus akin to it. Bill yellowish orange, hghtest at the point, mandibles very compressed, margins extremely thin, the upper valve fits into a groove in the under one. Eyes yeUow, color [sic] [11] white & dark brown. Length i foot, expands 20 Inches. Common at Sherwoods Creek*". [manque le n° 18] 5" Ceryle rudis. evidemment. •» Evidemment le Rhynchops flavirostris. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (i8i6) 51 19. Ardea Egretta. Shot & given by Lieut. Hawkey. 20. Ardea. Length one foot. Back, scapulars & wing coverts green. Bill black, the upper part of the lower mandible yellowish. Irides bright yellow. 21. Certhia. Common 22. Alcedo pres"*. by M. Hawkey 23. Certhia. Common 24. Certhia. Sherwoods Creek 25. Certhia. Above Sherwoods Creek, common. 26. Falco. General colour black & white. Irides yellow. BiU light horn colour. Legs dusky, claws long & black, common on the shores of the River. 27. Falco. From Porto Praya, St Jago, shot & given by M. Fitzmaurice. 28. Ardea. Same as 20. 29. Corvus, supposed the collared Raven of Valliant [sic], common here^^ 30. Ardea, supp"". male of the cinerea. 31. Caprimulgus, similar if not the same species as Whip Poor Will of N. America, the note of this bird is also like it, common above Sherwoods creek. 32. Supposed Oriolus, common. 33. Ibis. 34. Avocetia Recurvirostra. 35. 36. supposed Coriaceus [sic, = Coracias], common. 37. Alauda, shot at a plantation near Fetish Rock above Sherwoods creek, given by Dr McKerrow. 38. Certhia. 39. Caprimulgus Europeus. 40. Tringa sqtiatalaria [sic] 41. Pelicanus sola, taken at sea. 42. Ardea alba ". [B, p. 9-11] August 7 Benoo Wednesday August 7 "Shot this morning in one of the creeks near [?] the following birds. I. Genera not certain : characters external agree with the following description. Bill rather conic, the upper mandible a trifle largest, 2 long fleshy appendages, from the anterior part of the eye & a horny spine projects from the [?] part of the wing. Legs [bare of feathers] thighs full 3/4 do. Claws 3 all placed forward. Claws short & slightly bent. The individual accords as follows. BiU rather strong & conic, the base yellow, the anterior part black. Nostrils very open. Length bill I 1/4 Inch. Irides of a pale yellow, from the anterior part of the Eye project 2 fleshy & thin appendages, full i 3/4 Inch in Length, these are irregular in form & rather taper towards the point, on the upper side orange yellow, as the under for half its length black, from the base of the upper mandible to the nape (?) of the neck across the crown of the head [to the nape (?)] of the neck the feathers are pure white, neck on the upper part & sides ash colour, on the under a sUght streak of white extends from the base of ®1 Corvus atbus. 52 JOHN CRAXCH. L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) the mandible. The under part of the breast, belly, thighs, under wing coverts Primaries (the 3 first excepted which have about 3 Inches of the exterior points black), secondaries, coverts of the Primaries, under & upper tail coverts with a small ring on the extreme part of the neck & ab'. one third from the base of the tail feathers white. Neck bluish ash colour, principal part of the wing coverts, the tip of the tail feathers black. Back Ughtest brown. Spurs at the extremity full an Inch in length, black, tapering to a point. Legs & feet pale green, toes & nails black. Length 13 Inches from bill to tail (?) do. legs 15 Inches. Length of the leg & thigh (?) full 7 1/2 Inches, the first 6 of which are bare of feathers. Expanse being 2 feet. The only individual noticed & was killed sitting on the sand*-. [2] 2. Ardea. BUI rather strong, length 3 Inches, the under part of the lower mandible for 3/4 its length dirty yeUow. Nostrils open their [?] part yellow ; bare space from the bUl to the eye & around it dirty yellow. Head black & belly & thighs rather paler, on the upper part of the back are a few long white feathers, the other parts do. are rather dusky blue, primaries secundaries coverts & all upper parts dusky blue. Legs & bare parts of the thighs yellowish. Claws rather long, the middle toe sharply serrated, inner part of the wings rather lighter. Length from the bill to the end of the toes full 2 feet 2, to the end of the tail 4 Inches less. Eye extremely large the irides brown. Shot by Dr Smith as fljing across a small creek, Aug. 7. Tail short, feathers 12, a trifle rounded. 3. Gallimda^^. Length from bill to toes 17 Inches. To the tail very little more than 10. Bill blueish, crown of the head, upper part of the neck with a small spot at the base of the upper mandible black, cheeks, a streak above the eyes & sides of the neck white. Throat & lower parts of the breast yellowish. Back & belly reddish brown darkest on the latter. Primaries & principle [sic] part of the secundaries of a dark greenish tinge. Legs dusky, the toes remarkably long, the largest being 3 1/4 Inches. 4. Tringa. Evidently the Purre of Montagus'*, \i jg not a common bird here. A species of Heron was also seen perhaps allied to cinerea & a few other birds ". [D, p. 1-2] August 8 " August 8. On the adjacent shore of [sic] which we lay shot in the morning 3 birds — I Psittaciis. Bill bluish, the base & point of the upper mandible black. Irides bright yellow. Space immediately beyond (?) the [i mot manquant] rather dusky & bare of feathers, at the base of the bill & front of the head black the feathers edged with grey. Head back, upper part of the tail feathers dusky brown, under side (?) of the body & tail rather lighter, the latter more inclined to rufous. Legs & feet nearly red, particularly on their anterior part, nails quite black. Back a fine red brown, wing coverts & quills nearly the colour of the head. Tail of 10 feathers, the 4th from the exterior one at least 2 Inches longer than any of the others. Length from biU to neck (?) 5 Inches, from do. to tail I foot, flies in flocks*^. 82 Xiphidiopterus albiceps. w Evidcmment Actophilornis africana. ^ Ornithol. Diet., ^d. E. Newman, s.d., p. 260 {Tringa cinclus). *s S'il s'agit bicn comme on peut le penser du Psittacus erithacuR, comment se fait-il que Cranch ait oubli^ la queue rouge? JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 53 [3] Augt 8 2. Columba. Rustica. — A specimen this day that differs so [?] from the European species that description is unnecessary. 3. Turdus. Length 8 Inches from bill to extremity of tail. General colour the head & back olive green, throat & belly very pale yellow. Irides yellow. Tail very slightly rounded (?) & the same colour as the head. Legs pale flesh colour. Bill dusky, under wing coverts yellowish. [?] few other birds were seen & not a single animal of any description " [D, p. 2-3] August 11 " Sunday 11. Fish. Length 2 f. 4, greatest depth ab'. 6 Inches. Branch, rays 4. Head rather depressed. Snout obtuse, Ups double, a simple row of teeth ab'. 30 in each jaw, which are truncate at the ends, nearly uniform in size & rather distant from each other. Head very smooth. The eyes sit.[uated] ab. i 1/2 Inch from the snout, there [sic] are remark, [ably] small not exceeding 1/8 Inch diam. The skin of the h"* forms a complete covering over them, the body is rather thick. Back appears completely smooth, sides cover* with large reddish scales very soft in texture but firmly united to the body. Tail slightly fork'd the points however are rounded. The dorsal fin commences ab' 10 Inches from the tail & terminates about 4 from the caudal fin, 23 rays, these gradually decrease from the first 4 or five. Pectoral fins ab. 3 Inches long, 10 rays & are a trifle rounded, abdom' fins very small, not exc* an inche [sic] in length, of stiff 6 rays, anal opening very conspicuous, immed. behind which commences the a. fin 46 rays gradually declining in length of rays from the 6 or y"". Irides yell[ow]. General colour of the head yellowish, back & sides yel. brown the latter strongly red, tail nearly red. Weigh ab. 8 pounds. Tu bulue, Tu bulo, native name. Said to be not uncommon & of superior size at Dooki Congi. Native say 2 these [?] the only one I have seen given by Capt° Tuckey*^. " August 12 [4] " Monday 12. i. Bird. — Length from the bill to the extreme end of the centr[al] tail feather 9 Inches. Bill lead colour, inside of the mouth yellow. The upper mandible slightly hooked & extending ab. 1/16 I[nch] beyond the other 3/4 I[nch] in length, several long black bristles at the base of the mouth. Irides dusky. Head, upper part of the throat & hind part of the neck deep & bottle (?) green, under part of the neck, belly, thighs smowky [sic] blue. Back, tail, under coverts, upper wing coverts & the outer edge of the second[ary] feath[ers] of a rich brown. Tail of 12 feathers, the centr. [al] one near I Inch long[er] than any others prim^ quills f. [eathers] nearly black, the edges very slight [ly.] ting'', with brown. Legs black. Perhaps shrike. Very few birds frequented the place (Nookae) were [sic] this solitary individual was shot. — Doves . . . 2. At a small island ([?] Kacanso) M. Hawkey shot a Toucan — Length 2 feet, biU ab* 3 1/2 [Inches] long very slighly notched. Irides reddish, bill very pale horn ^^ Mormyrops deliciosus ; un croquis a I'encre. 54 JOHN CRANCH. L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) colour. Feathers on the h"" a trifle elongate forming a thick crest. Head, neck, back, breast deep glossy green. Primaries heavy black. Secundaries 2/3 of the [?] white. Tail coverts, belly, thighs & one half the exterior of the tail white. Legs brown. Tail rather rounded. Legs feather^ below the knee. 3. Toucan. Length 21 I[nches]. Bill orange, the notches irregular but more dis- tant than in the former, base nearly white 31/4 I[nches], whole upper parts ash colour. Head slightly varigated [sic] with white. Belly, thighs & tips of tail fea[thers] white, 10 f.[eathers] on tail longer than the former, prim.[aries] & tail nearly black. Irides bright yellow. Legs & claws dusky. 4. Plover. Base of the bill red, point black, length of body 7 1/2 Inches. Upper parts light ash colour, a streak of white from the eye round the neck, belly, head & upper tail coverts white. Tail slightly forked, the bar (?) white the [?] ones 2/3 do, expanse ab' 16 Inches. Legs red, claws black. Fhes in flock on the main land op- posite the island before menf. [?] Alcedo, not uncommon " [D, p. 4] Les entrees des 13-16 aout trop peu Hsibles pour pouvoir etre utilement transcrites. La note du Friday 16 se termine par " Hippopotamus heard in night "; pour Satur- day 17 il n'y a que la date : c'est sans doute, dans le present dossier, le dernier mot ecrit par Cranch, peu avant de tomber malade le 23 aout. August 17 (Nomaza Cove, au retour de rexp6dition a Yellala) " During my absence the seine was hauled, but not a single fish was taken. The only implements of fishing seen with the natives were the scoopnet, already spoken of, and a kind of fish pot of reeds. The fish we could prouve from them are all very small, with the exception of one which I bought, and whose skin Mr. Cranch preserved. It appears to be of the genus Murena. Testaceous fish are extremely few ; a single shell {Helix) found on the summit of one of the hills near a fishing hut, and an oyster taken up by the dredge, are all we have been able to procure " (H h, p. 157). August 22 " In the morning we found we had pitched our tent over a nest of pismires ; but although we were covered with them, not a person was bitten, any more than by the musquetoes, who, from its shade and humidity, had chosen this as their head quarters. At day-light we were roused by the discordant concert of a legion of monkeys and parrots chattering, joined with that of a bird named by the natives booliloso (a crested Toucan) having a scream between the bray of an ass and the bleat of a lamb ; another, with a note resembUng the cuckoo, but much hoarser ; and another crying " whip poor will " (a species of goat sucker). We also found that several buffaloes had been to drink at one of the holes in the rocks, about 200 yards from one of our tents." (H b, p. 173) September 6 Bay of Bobomga : " An alligator was swimming in the lake, and another before the mouth. Traces of hippopotamis were seen every\vhere. Shoals of fish abounded in the small creeks. A Haematopus and several other birds were seen " (H c, p. 334) JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 55 September 7 " Near some rocky island, a number of small Charadrii were seen " (He, p. 334). September 8 " A young Mustela was seen " (H c, p. 335) V. LES ILLUSTRATIONS Le ms 681 renferme un certain nomber de dessins en noir, au crayon ou k la plume et en couleurs (aquarelle). Les pieces comportant des illustrations sont las suivantes : 1. A, cf. p. 9-10 2. C, cf. p. lo-ii. 3. G, recueil de 35 feuillets illustr6s (35 Poissons, i Crustace, i C6phalopode) ; cf. p. II. On retrouvera reproduites ici quelques illustrations parmi les plus interessantes et plus faciles a reproduire. Divers croquis de personnages non reproduits sont amus- ants d'ailleurs par leur extreme maladresse.* Si les figures de A et de C sont certainement de Cranch, celles de G sont ou sans auteur indigue avec pourtant la mention " Hawkie " ou, plus rarement, " Smith ". Quand le mSme poisson se retrouve dans un manuscrit de Cranch et dans le recueil G, on se demandera si I'une des figurations depend de I'autre et, dans ce cas, laquelle. " 35 drawings or sketches of Fishes. — From the voyage to the river Congo by Smith, Hawkie (sic) & J. Cranch ". A = auteur, D = description, Aq = aquarelle, C = crayon, I = identification. [i] " April loth " ; Aq (bleu clair) ; A : ? ; date probablement fausse : le 10 avril, Cranch 6tait k Porto Praya ; I : Slernoptyx diaphana Hermann 1781. [2] " April 26 " ; C : " Red, fins scarlet " ; A : ? (sans doute Cranch puisqu'il y a, de la mSme espece, I croquis doc. C, p. 9) ; I : on pourrait songer a un jeune Vomer (mais la couleur rouge ?) ou ^ quelque PteracHdide (aff. Pferycombits). [3I " May 2nd to the termination " ; Aq (vert tres pale) ; A : I : Leptocephale. [4] " May 3. 1816 " ; Aq (gris) avec un croquis au crayon de la bouche (dents sectoriales en bas, coniques en haut) ; A : ? ; I : apparemment un Dalatiide, par les dents, mais les 2 dorsales sont figurees bien rapprochees ; ou un Echinor- hinide car Echninorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre 1788) a bien les 2 dorsales rap- prochees : serait-ce un Echinorhinns juv. ? [5] " May 4. " ; Aq (gris) avec un croquis de la tete au crayon ; A : ? ; I : Lepto- cephale. [6] " May 4. Preserved in Bot. 1909 " ; Aq (gris pile) ; A : ? ; I : prob*. un jeune Lepidopus. [7] " May 5. 1816. Preserved in Bot. 1909.2 specimens " ; Aq (bleu avec bandes verticales outremer) ; A : ? ; I : evidemment le Nomeus albida (Meuschen) = N. gronovii (Gmel.) • Des photographies des illustrations non reproduites dans cet ouvrage ont ^t^ d^pos^es dans la BIOLOGICAL DATA COLLECTION, General Library, British Museum (Natural History), oi elles peuvent 6tre examinees. 56 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) [8] sans date, " Preserved in Bot. 1909 " ; Aq (gris-bleu, a bandes verticales) ; A : ? ; I : probablement encore un Nomeus, mais bien mal dessin^. [9] " May 13.1816 " ; C ; A : ? (sans doute Cranch puisqu'il y a 2 autres croquis, doc. A, p. 12 (haut) et C, p. 27, haut) ; D : doc. A, p. 12) ; I : Exocetide juv. a appendices mentonniers ( ? Cypseliirus ou Cheilopogon). [10] " May 13.1816 " ; C : " no scales, yellow, eyes yellow, pupil purple " ; A : ? (sans doute Cranch puisqu'il y a 2 croquis, doc. A, p. 12 (bas) et C, p. 27, bas) ; D : doc. A, p. 12 ; I : un Gonostomatide {Cyclothone P) mal figure ? On voit assez bien les organes lumineux. [11] " May 20. Length 2 inches. Depth 3 1/8 — . No teeth, no scales perceptible " ; Aq (dos bleu fonce, cotes et ventre bleu pale avec des points jaune verdatre) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : un jeune Naucrales ? [12] " May 22.1816 ". Aq (bleu a petites taches jaunatres) ; A : ? (il y a i croquis doc. A, p. 16) ; D : doc. A, p. 15-16 ; I : jeune de Scyris (ou genre voisin) ? [13] " May 25.1816. Length 4 inches. Syngnathus " ; Aq (brunatre) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : probt. le jeune de Syngnathus pelagicus. [14] " May 26. Teeth, i 1/4 Inch Long, i 1/2 — deep " ; Aq (gris a bandes verti- cales) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : tres jeune Naucrates ? (cf. n" 11). [15] " May 27. No scales. Slimy fish. Length 2 1/2 inches. Depth 1/2 inch " ; Aq (gris) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : tres jeune Coryphaena ? [16] " May 28. 2 inches long, 3 1/4— deep " ; Aq (brun, rose et jaunatre) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : Monacanthide juv. [Alutera ?). [17] " May 29. Length 6 1/2 inches. Tail 3 " ; Aq (gris et rose) ; A ; " Hawkie " ; I : d'une autre ecriture : " Syngnathus Hawkianus " , en reaUt^ una jeune Fistulaire, avec les lobes lateraux de la caudale non figures. [18] " May 30. Natural size " [70 mm] ; Aq (du rose et du jaune) ; A : " Hawkie " ; D : doc. A, p. 18 mais a la date de " June i " ; I : zoe geante de Porcellanidd. [19] " May 30 " ; Aq (blanchatre ponctue de rose) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : Cephalo- pode {Cranchia maculata, plutot que scahra puisque la surface du corps semble lisse) . [20] " May 30th, full size [12 mm], pale blue " ; Aq ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : Tel^ost^en juv. [21] " May 30, full size " [24 mm] ; Aq (dos bleu, ventre rose) ; A : Hawkie ; I : jeune de Carangide {Scyris ?). [22] " May 30. Natural size " [21 et 22 mm] ; Aq (dos gris bleu) ; A : Hawkie ; I : deux tr6s jeunes Tetraodontides. [23] " June 10. 1816. Red with golden spots " ; Aq ; A : ? ; D : doc. A, p. 21, avec croquis ; I : Batistes juv. (ou Monacanthid6 ?). [24] " loth June. Natural size " [2 images, 50 et 44 mm] ; Aq (brun) ; A : " Haw- kie " ; D : doc. A, p. 20 ; I : Histrio histrio. [25] " June 10. 1816 " ; Aq (bleu fonce a taches dordes) ; A : ? (probt. Hawkey) ; D : doc. A, p. 20 (le meme texte pourrait s'appliquer aux 2 specimens 24 ct 25), avec croquis bien moins mauvais que I'aquarelle ; I : sans doute encore Histrio histrio, mais la coloration semble un peu surprenante. [26] Aq (brun tachete) : A : " Hawkie " ; I : encore Histrio histrio. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 57 [27] "iithjune" ; Aq (gris et rose) ;A :? ;I : figure reconnaissabled'^rgyro;^e/ecMs affinis. [28] " 15 June " ; Aq (gris fonce) ; A : ? ; I : tout a fait enigmatique ; je ne vois meme pas la famille. [29] " 15 June " ; Aq (gris) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : un Exocetide juv. [30] " 16 June " ; Aq (gris et rose) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : je ne puis meme pas identifier la famille. [31] " No scales " ; Aq (jaune a bandes verticales beues) ; A : ? ; I : meme remarque que pour le precedent. [32] Aq (gris brun avec une serie de taches marginales) ; A : " Hawkie " ; I : d'une autre main : " Solea chrysophthalmata " , mais ce Pleuronecte juvenile est totalement inidentifiable, naturellement. [33] C ; A : Smith ; I : apparemment un Pleuronecte tres jeune (le dessin n'est pas mauvais). [34] Aq (jaunatre) et detail de la tete ; A : Smith ; I : Leptocephale. [35] " Preserved in Bot. igog. i specimen " ; Aq (gris avec lignes transversales- obhques de petits points bleus) ; A : ? ; I : Leptocephale. VI. LES COLLECTIONS On I'a vu par I'inventaire du MS. 68i, ce dossier renferme, outre plusieurs etats d'un journal oil sont mentionnes de tres nombreux animaux observes ou captures, une serie de Hstes se rapportant a des recoltes (C/6, 9-13 et E). II ne m'a pas semble necessaire de reproduire toutes ces listes et je me contenterai de donner le document E, " A List of specimens pres** in spirit ". C'est un document int^ressant ; il n'est pas date et la derniere date de recolte y est le 15 juin ; on pourra done se demander s'il ne s'agit pas du catalogue d'un premier envoi et qu'aurait accompagne, avec la lettre a Banks du 29 juin, le document B. La liste est divisee en colonnes : Numb.[£rs], subdivises en " Lead " et " Glass " — Genera — Number pres* — When taken — Remarks. Le systeme d'inscription et de num^rotation est incomprehensible : si la serie " Lead " est reguliere (1-48), la serie " Glass ", d'ailleurs lacunaire, ne parait suivre aucun ordre : 95-757-1352-295-5340-191, etc ; les dates ne se suivent pas non Z. 2 N.2 plus. On eut pu penser que " Lead " representait une serie de contenants princi- paux*' a I'interieur desquels des r&ipients plus petits (serie " Glass ") eussent trouve place, mais il semble cependant qu'il n'y ait qu'«« numero " Glass " par numero " Lead ". Un document conserve dans le dossier P.R.O., Admiralty e/2617 donne une liste d'objets " forwarded from Boma by Tuckey " ; 16 spec, of minerals — Smith 2 spec, of the country money — Tuckey I musical instrument — Tuckey I specimen of hard wovel — Tuckey I tin case of seeds — Smith *' Pour lesquels on se fut d'ailleurs plutot attendu a une designation telle que " barrel ", etc. 58 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 1 ^ c V a eg 'C 'o d ° ») jj C '^' ° ^ «, •^ ^ 111 j: 5j CO S 4, C . (J (u kJ (« +J O 3 J3 H^ S S S- >,.S o . I- rt a; -t; S ^ ^ j= =« •^ [/J £ s 0) o fc u E.2 g '5 -M « ■< s "i ■ ■ft, ai ■3 -2 ^ o rt a^ nl HO C *:• ^ -O ^ ■*-* -*-> xi u .> "So "> '^ n L- ca OJ • rt c ^ > o '^ 3 J) 4, "J s-^ ■5 ^ § S ^^ rt 4) OJ ^ x; J3 H H ^ ^ <« J3 i; J3 m "T E CL 1 -1 0) l5 >:■ >■ S rt . rt g . >, 1 r- " -^ rt " i s 4> x: c 00 V M jS a. t < o -s ri "1 l^ 3 " _ > eft 55 -i< .2 8 a d -23 = ^§' ^ M-l ^ in OJ iS £ X H I " r^ > CO W n < ■c Oh < a. < a, < 3 ex c 3 O H kH l-l 0) u O c/5 t/) H ^ LO 3 *o ■§ 1 a ■ft. *c3 !■ = ^ 11 u X] tt OJ <;* ^ "e* ■~1 H c^> •-J f^Q Ui crt S 3 •a o .2 ^ .2 1, 13 <>riii ,0 a Q\ U-) in I JOHN CRANCH, L'EXP^DITION DU CONGO (1816) 59 13 " ,^ o V rt CO bo (U eg OJ « ^ „ "o ■» 3 d OJ H K* •a o > O § 5f OJ o I ^ ■a rt c G OJ I, +^ ^ o o , ^- *■? ■* bc' " C o « 5 'Vi ^ i- ?, f^ b -^ en E wi t! ■e^y S . i S ■a J3 (11 "^ ■5 J3 "> .2 S S O ■!-• S y, 2 > J3 .5 c o 4S Oh E 3 O ^ H M ^ M c S a. ^ ^ 2 ^ V. '^ "R ° V > "U fe S c o O 4j i n! 10 (y OJ OJ H .CI 'u J3 on 3 01 «3 •" P" +-' .d C Oh O " s^ O J-. ■^^ o o a 'C oJ "h «1 o rf 43 O a Sh ■2 0} e 2^ o ^ -o bo ■43 4: o +^ O O w S; *" t aj CO OJ N O M tfi 0! c > h-1 Oh g OJ < ■^ fH 0^ 5.S s §§^ E ij:2 g is o ■a c a S -e t S = O Oh ~ 5 Wh O OJ +J (i> a> > B CO CJ x: +j 0) rt OJ X3 -t-> tn =5 c ^ 6 "o 21 (i) b H 4 .5 r^ "3 c ;z; H « «i 5 "3 ^ " S S o ■p i/i o a ^ - "^ •" "< § S S3 ■2 "1 H-" Oh c J3 S -" tH OJ ? £ Oh ^ ^j _ OJ T3 =0 g u D 0^ ° 5 g Ef >. 2 Oh OJ 'o Oh J" rt O ■ : -d ^ ^ s ^^^ .B -^ ^ Xl oJ O . c Ho rt 1 IS +J Oh -M OJ 4h 60 E E e o P > 2 o ■" E-2 'i 2 < 1 00 SH Oh ™ O rt .- Oh •c Ph < Oh O Oh <3 Q < S a O b S > > > > H O c/) (/I I/) c/1 S H t/) ■S 1- ■S u d i J2 to s CL, >-J ja > > '^<^ ^^i •S c^ o JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 5 S E c E en c rt <« -!-> 3 1 s "-Zj .- tn 0) OJ &c c tfi xi 'S N- tn" 7 ^ >. C/J C 'S 03 0) J3 ^ _c J= ■0 S 6 C 0) be l-l c Ul 5 '■*j w « 0) c •3 "Kb C G OJ ^ 2 S d E "S 3 rt 4-» en 4) E >. 1 P. en 0) < 'a. c , >. p< A a ri ^ <; < g S o -C >^ ^ ^ 4J ! 13 ■« ^ = ^ x; a d 1; ? rt ■^ rt J3 -O s u •a S S s DC C OJ u "E. in 0) 2 1- c J3 *a3 be C 1 OJ Si ■*-• _>. BO ^ ;g Qi c nl 1> 4> J2 ■3 C ■^ c 3 r ■4-> 4J t/1 E 'S tt.B^ .-•-• _Q br -t-» J3 C C s ■" O o b .£ -S S« OJ -72 43 > 1-. "^ OJ > ^2 1 JU OJ w H J3 H 6 o J3 •a V u ■a J3 C t! c ^ > c <" ■ OJ OJ a! ~ .S o ~ « -a T^ ■« (0 c o o OJ o en J3 J3 IS H H £ s tjj ^ 3 " C 3 O O (/] en k. x: ■° c .3 ° CO ' — ' , , O 1> (l> D c — e o s ^ < J3 tn to ttl fc< fti <^ >; 2 -s -a -2 S JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 61 2 bones of Hippopotamos — Tuckey I case of plants — Smith I box stuffed birds — Tudor I case of preserved animals — Cranch Cette derniere caisse aurait-elle contenu les collections de la " List of specimens preserved in spirit " ? En tout les cas, un certain nombre des specimens recoltes par Cranch sont arrives a Londres, ceux au moins dont Leach aUait dans I'Appendix IV de la " Narrative ..." fournir une sommaire et incomplete enumeration. Mr. P. J. P. Whitehead, du British Museum (N.H.) a decouvert d'interessants renseignements sur certains objets recoltes par Cranch et deposes au Hunterian Museum. II a bien voulu me permettre, ce dont je lui suis tres reconnaissant, de reproduire ci-dessous ces interessantes precisions : " Another institution which showed great interest in the Congo Expedition was the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London. The Curator, VVilham Clift, records that the College supplied two chests (presumably filled with collecting jars) to William Tudor for this expedition. Unfortunately, the chests were never returned. Clift also records that Leach donated specimens to the College, and that some of these were duphcates from the Congo Expedi- tion. This information, which is contained in the third volume of the Donation registers of the College (i.e. 1817-22) is of sufficient interest to be quoted in full. Donation 842. for 1817. " Sept. 19th. Received from Dr Leach, for Sir Everard Home, Eighteen small specimens of Fishes ; Three of Amphibia ; Two dried Skulls of Fishes ; and four ditto of Toucans ? or HornbiUs,* from the Congo Expedition. (* See note opposite) No list of names Dr Leach was to have named them but became incapable from ill health. Put up Marked from 1-20 In a row behind Nat. History, Fishes " On the opposite page is a note on this collection. " Mem. to 842. Two boxes were fitted out by the College, and sent in Charge of Mr William Tudor, Surgeon and naturalist to the Congo Expedition. He unfortunately died ; and his effects were as usual sold ; but who purchased or purloined the Boxes, which were deeply cut as " Belonging to the Royal College of Surgeons in London, to the care of Mr Tudor " I never could learn ; — although I apphed to Mr Barrow, at the Admiralty ; and to Dr Leach, and Mr Konig, at the British Museum ; who received the Boxes sent out by them in charge of Mr Cranch ; who also died. — " Saturday Morning Dec'' : 6. 1817 Dear Sir When I sent the Congo Duphcates, did I not send several specimens of a head somewhat resembUng the above ? [sketch given] If you will oblige me by returning one by the Bearer — faithfully yours W. E. Leach [Buceros fasciatus) " 62 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) It would appear that these specimens were lost during the bombing in 1941. " II est probable que I'editeur de la " Narrative . . . ", Sir John Barrow, soucieux de voir sortir au plus tot le volume consacre a la malheureuse expedition aura press6 Leach de fournir son chapitre sans attendre I'^tude d^taiUde du materiel. II faut reconnaitre d'ailleurs que parvenir k publier des 1818, moins de deux ans apres le retour des navires, le gros v'olume de la " Narrative . . . " , represente une reussite d'autant plus remarquable qu'il s'agissait d'un ouvrage collectif. II n'a pas paru sans int^ret d'essayer d'etabUr une liste des especes recoltdes par Cranch, parvenues en Europe et identifiees ou decrites par divers zoologistes. II est d'ailleurs certain que beaucoup des specimens recoltes par Cranch ou ne sont pas parvenus en Europe ou se sont reveles inutilisables : Leach specific (1818, p. 419) qu'au moins une caisse d'animaux en alcool et " a very large proportion of the birds " ont ete perdus ; U ajoute meme que sur les Oiseaux arrives a Londres la plus grande partie etait " totally destroyed by insects" et que la plupart des Insectes " were entirely destroyed by insects and damp ". I. Cnidaires 1. Siphonophore — C, p. 40, descr. et fig. ; supra, p. 11 2. Porpita granulata [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 418, 8°i2'o"N — i8°i3'7"W (cf. A, p. 5-6) ; cette espece est mise avec doute en synonymic avec Porpita liitkeana Brandt par Lesson (Hist. Nat. Zooph. Acalephes, 1843, p. 588 [P. granulosa (sic)] — 589), en attribuant par erreur I'espece a Cranch alors qu'elle est, bien entendu, de Leach. 3. Velella scaphidea Per. et Les. — Leach, 1818, p. 419, 26°34'o"N — i8°28'o"W (cf. A, p. 1-2 ; supra, pp. 11, 18 et pi. 3, fig. 3) ; I'identification serait Aoui&ise fide Lesson, loc. cit., p. 573 ; Leach ne cite ni date, ni locaUte. 4. Velella pyramidalis [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 419, pourrait etre V. caurina Eschsch. d'apres Lesson, loc. cit., p. 578. II. — Tr^matodes I. Hirundinella — C, p. 26, plusieurs croquis, [non reproduits] cf. Leach, 1818, p.418: " Found in the stomach of an Albicore. The bulb at the extremity oval but tapers rather to the extremity, the connecting part is very like the wind pipe of an animal consisting of numerous concentric. (?) & retractile rings at a it is a small oval opening perhaps the anus, from there [?] projects a slender tube at the end of which the mouth has this form ". Length of the an.[imal] 1/3 Inch. " III . — Polychetes 1. Nereis sp. — Leach, 1818, p. 418 [Aphrodite (A, p. 16 ; E. p. i)], 22 mai, sur " a small piece of floating wood " (lead 15, glass 295). 2. Lumhricalis — E, p. i, 28 juin, " taken in the dredge, it inhabits mud into which it had perforated & made a compact cell " : est-ce I'Ann^hde appartenant k " a genus not known to me " (Leach, 1818, p. 418) ? L'auteur la dit prise avec celle du bois flotte : il semble plutot que les 2 specimens aient €i€ simplement dans le mime contenant. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (i8i6) 63 IV. — Crustaces I. — Copepodes 1. Pandarus Cranchii [n.sp.] — Leach, Diet. Sc. Nat., XIV, 1819, p. 535, i°S — 4°E (position qui ne correspond d'ailleurs pas a celles que nous connaissons) ; certaine- ment recolte par Cranch dans le Golfe de Guinea et probablement sur le " Sqiialus glaucus " pris le 22 avril et sur les pectorales duquel Cranch recueillait une serie de " Crustacea perhaps Onisci " (A, p. 7) — B.M. (N.H.), White, 1847, p. 119 : 2 spec. J. Cranch. II est inexact comme I'affirme Lewis (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 118, 1966, p. 90) que " Pandarus cranchii and P. satyrns were synonymised by Shiino (1954)" ; en realite, Shiino (Rept. Fac. Fish. Pref. Univ. Mie, i. No. 3, 1954, p. 312 et 323-325) place dans la synonymic de Pandarus satyrus Dana 1852 les P. cranchii de Steenstrup & Liitken {1861) et de Rathbun (1886) mais nuUement le P. cranchii de Leach (1819) : d'ailleurs, dans ce cas, I'espece de Leach etant tres anterieure a celle de Dana, Shiino n'eut evidemment pas utilise pour I'espece le nom de cette derniere. 2. Caligus, 2 nov. spp. — Leach, 1818, p. 418 I'une au moins de ces 2 especes est sans doute le Nogaus latreillii Leach, Diet. Sc. Nat., XIV, 1819, p. 536 — (B.M. (N.H). White, 1847, p. 118, 2 spec. J. Cranch) qui est le male de Pandarus cranchii. 2 bis. Lernea cyclophora Blainville 1822, p. 438, pl.n.num. fig. 7 et 1823, p. 122: " Je ne connais cette espece, qui me parait bien distincte, que d'apres une figure manuscrite du Voyage des Anglais au Congo ". D'apres Brian, Copedodi parasiti dei Pesci d'ltalia, 1906, p. 89 et Wilson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 53, No. 2194, June 13, 1917, p. 39, L. cycloptera serait synonyme de Lernaeenicus sprattae (Sowerby 1806) Olsson 1868. 2 ter. — Copepode parasite (fam. Lernaeidae) — Blainville, 1822, pl.n.num., fig. 17 : " Espece de Lerneide articule, copiee des manuscrits du Voyage des Anglais au Congo, mais sur laquelle je n'ai aucun detail " : d'apres Baird, Nat. Hist. Brit. Entom., 1850 (p. 341) il s'agirait encore du Lernaeenicus sprattae. Ces deux dernieres references soulevent un probleme curieux. II faut remarquer, d'abord, qu'aucune des deux figures que Blainville signale avoir emprunt^es aux manuscrits du Voyage au Congo, done a ceux de Cranch, ne se retrouve dans ces derniers. D'autre part, Baird ecrit en 1850 [loc. cit., p. 340), jugeant que les figures en cause sent empruntees non a Cranch mais a J. Sowerby : " How he [Blainville] saw the original figures of Sowerby it is difficult to say ; perhaps in the possession of Dr Leaches He has, however, in his paper in the " Journal de Physique "... reproduced the two figures, the one in situ of the natural size, the other the magnified sketch of the upper portion only, and described them as two distinct species! The only information, he adds, that he has concerning the two species is, " that they are copied from MS. drawings of the English voyage to the Congo ! " Baird ajoute que dans la figure de L. cyclophora le petit cercle tenu pour la tSte du Copepode est, dans Sowerby . . . I'oeil du Poisson parasite. Grace a I'amabilite du Dr A. L. Rice, j'ai pu prendre connaissance de I'article de J. Sowerby, "Lernea Sprattae", The British Miscellany, II, 1806, p. 17-18, tab "8 Cette supposition est d'autant plus int^ressante qu'elle doit se voir formulee egalement pour les papiers de Cranch. 64 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) LXVIII, dat^e June i, 1806. Ce que rapporte Baird est parfaitement exact : les fig. 7 et 17 de Blainville {1822) sont bien emprunt^es a Sowerby {1806) et la " tete " du Lernea cyclophora Bl. est tout simplement I'oeil du poisson-hote. Est-il par consequent possible que si Blainville a vraiment vu la planche de Sowerby (avec le poisson parasite, ce qui ne pouvait provoquer aucune confusion quelconque) il ait pris I'oeil, sur lequel sont fixes d'aiUeurs deux Copepodes, pour la tete de son L. cyclophora'^ De plus, Blainville decrit deux especes, L. cyclophora et le " Lerneide articule " : un seul coup d'oeil a la planche de Sowerby eut permis de voir qu'il s'agissait d'une meme espece, une fois fixee sur I'hote, une fois avec la partie anterieure degagee. Enfin, Blainville ne parle pas de I'hote, qui est pourtant cite dans Sowerbj'. Pour ces diverses raisons, on devra conclure que Blainville n'a pas emprunte ses figures directement a la publication de Sowerby. Et ceci expliquerait peut-etre ce que dit Baird d'un emprunt, non a I'article de 1806 mais a des "original figures" (communiquees par Leach ?). On songerait plutot a quelques maladroites copies des figures de Sowerby, sans le poisson, parvenues sans le texte correspondant entre les mains de Blainville et, de plus, sans provenance bien precisee puisque ce dernier les attribue au dossier Cranch. Blainville aura peut-6tre melange dans ses notes un document Sowerby (copie manuscrite, et incomplete, de la planche de 1806) et les papiers Cranch, pretes par Leach*^. D'oii la confusion du texte imprime, attribuant a celui-ci ce qui appartenait a celui-la. On doit a j outer : 1° que les deux figures ne se trouvent pas dans le dossier Cranch et 2° que ce dernier n'aurait guere pu recueillir des sprats ou des sardines parasit^es par le Lernaeenicus que tout au debut de I'exp^dition, a une periode oil aucune recolte n'est cependant signalee (la premiere semble avoir ete du 28 mars, par env. 36°I5'N) ; il est vrai que les civils de I'e.xpedition avaient quelque peu souffert du mal de mer ... La confusion de Blainville entre des dessins de Sowerby et ceux de Cranch semble done tout a fait vraisemblable. 2. Cirripedes'" 1. Cineras Chelonophilus [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 412 ( = Conchoderma virgatum (Spengler 1790) Olfers 1814), " on some turtles ", 36°i5'o N — i6°32'o W, done 28 mars 1816 (cf. supra, p. 17). 2. Cineras Cranchii [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 412 ( = Conchoderma virgatum), sans provenance (devenu Cineras Cranchianus, Leach, 1825, p. 212). 3. Cineras Olfersii [n. sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 412 ( = Conchoderma virgatum), sur " Fucus naians " (devenu Cineras Olfersianus, Leach, 1825, p. 213). 4. Pentalasmis Cheloniae [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 413 ( = Lepas Hillii (Leach 1818) Darwin 1851), " on turtles " (avec Cineras Chelonophilus) 36°i5'o N — 16°32° o. W. 5. Pentalasmis Hillii [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 413 ( = Lepas hillii (Leach) Darwin 1851), pas de provenance. " A cette ^poque, on pratiquait encore largement, et apparemment sans remords, le d^coupage des planches imprim^es pour en constituer des dossiers. '" Les types de 8 (sur 9) des espdces crepes par Leach se trouvent au British Museum oil ne manque que ceux de Cineras Ol/ersii. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (iSiG) 65 6. Pentalasmis Spirulae [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 413 ( = Lepas pectinata Spengler 1793), sur Spirilla, 22°o'o N-i9°i7'o W, done 5 avril 1816, au large de la cote saharienne. 7. Pentalasmis dilatata [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 413 ( = Lepas anserifera L. 1767), snx J anthina fragilis, o°i4'o N-6°i8'52 E, done fin mai, mais eette position ne coin- cide pas avec eelles que nous connaissons. 8. Pentalasmis Donovani [nov. sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 413 ( = Lepas fascicularis EUis & Solander 1786), o°38'o S-7°5o'o E, done 28 mai 1816. 9. Pentalasmis Spirulicola [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 413 ( = Lepas fascicularis Ellis & Solander 1786), 22°o'o N-i9°i7'o W, done 5 avril 1816, au large de la cote saharienne. 3 . — A mphipodes 1-4. Quatre nov. gen. et n. spp. — Leach, 1818, p. 417 ; un de ces Amphipodes est " Primno Guerinii " , White, 1847, p. gi, B.M. (N.H.), I spec. Congo Expedition, " 8°S-46° E", position necessairement fausse, et qui pourrait etre i°36'S-8°46'E, done le 30 mai, jour oil Cranch signale avoir pris de nombreux Crustaees. 4. — Isopodes 1. Oniscus volitans Craneh MS. — A, p. 10 ; cf. supra p. 30 et PI. Ill, fig. 2 : recueilli le 7 mai sur la pectorale d'un Exocet (que Cranch appelle Exocoetus volitans), cet Isopode est, malgre I'imperfection manifeste du croquis, identifiable car le specimen existe dans les coUeetions du British Museum oil j'ai pu I'examiner ; il s'agit de Nerocila trichiura (Miers 1877 ex White 1847) [Anilocra trichiura White 1847 est un nomen nudum'] ; j'ai cite et figure I'exemplaire de Cranch, une ? ovigere de 22 mm (Monod, 1931 : 6, fig. i). 2. Sphaeroma [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 417. 3. Cymothoa [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 417. 4. Nov. gen. et n.sp. — Leach, 1818, p. 417, " intermediate betwixt the genera Aega and Eurydice ". 5. Palinonres 1. Phyllosoma brevicorne [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 417, pl.n.num., i fig. non num. B.M. (N.H.) : White eat. n" 168 a-b (a sec) et 168 e^ (alcool)— White, 1847, p. 82, 14 spec, {a-d, a see et e-n, en alcool). 2. Phyllosoma clavicorne [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 417, pl.n.num., i fig. non num., cf. croquis de Craneh, C. p. 30, supra, fig. B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n° 171 a (a sec) — White, 1847, p. 82, 6 spec. 3. Phyllosoma commune [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 417, pl.n.num., i fig. non num., cf. croquis de Craneh, C, p. 51, pi. Ill, fig. 4 — B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n" 170 a-e (a see) et lyo f-h (alcool) — White 1847, p. 82, 8 spec, {a-e, a sec etf-h, en aleool). 4. Phyllosoma laticorne [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 417, pl.n.num., i fig. non num. B.M. (N.H.) : White eat. n" 169-169 a (a see) — White, 1847, P- 82, i spde. [ = Phyllosoma cassideum (Forster 1782)]. 5. Phyllosoma Smithii [n.sp.] — Leach MS., B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n" 693 a 66 JOHN CRANCH. L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (iSi6) (alcool), " Congo Exped. J. Cranch " — White, 1847, p. 82 [nom. nud. : " Phyllosoma Smythii, Leach]. 6. Phyllosoma Cranchii [n.sp.] — Leach MS., B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n''692 a, (alcool), " Congo Exped. J. Cranch ", 36°S [sic] — 9°E ; il faut lire bien entendu 3°S, ce qui place la capture dans la lere quinzaine de juin 1816 — White, 1847, p. 82, 2 sp6c. ; " Phyllosoma Cranchii, Leach " [tiomen nuduni]. 6. Anomoures I. Una zee de PorceUanide est decrite (cf. p. 18 et 56) et figuree (cf. G, fig. 18). 7. Brachyoures 1. Zoea clavaia [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 414, pl.n.nuni., i fig.non num. B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n^dgo a (alcool), reg. n" 1949 ; 10 : 25 : 4 — White, 1847, p. 80 : " i°S-8°W " est impossible, mais i°S-8°E correspond aux 29-30 mai 1816. 2. Megalopa maculata [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 414. B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n° 695 a-b [n'a pas ete retrouve] — WTiite, 1847, p. 64, 2 sp^c. 3. Megalopa Cranchii [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 414. B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n° 694 a [n'a pas 6t6 retrouv^] 4. Megalopa scnlpla [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 414. B.M. [N.H.] : White cat. n" 690 a (alcool), reg. n" 1949 : 10 : 25 : 2 — White 1847, p. 64, i spec. 5. Portunus sp. [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 413. B.M. (N.H.) : i spec, (a sec), non enreg., " Gulf of Guinea. Congo Exped. ", etiquete " Portunus rugosus ", = Macropipus rugosus (Doflein, 1904). 6. Lupa Smythiana [n.sp.]— Leach MS.— B.M. (N.H.) : White cat, n° 22 et White, 1847, P- 27 [nomen nudum), 2 spec, (a sec)'!, etiquet^s " Callinectes smythianus " (White, 1847, p. 27 : " Neptunus sanguinolentus "), = Callinectes gladiator Benedict 1893. 7. Lupa Smythiana [n.sp.] — Leach MS. — B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n<'22, i spec, (alcool), etiquete "Callinectes Smythianus" (White, 1847, p. 27: "Neptunus sanguinolentus "), = Callinectes gladiator Benedict 1893. 8. Lupa Cranchiana [n.sp.] — Leach MS. — B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n<'26, i spec, (alcool) (White, 1847, p. 27) : "Neptunus sanguinolentus", White, 1847, p. 27, 3 spec, = Portunus validus Herklots 1851. 9. Grapsus minutus — Leach, 1818, p. 414 — B.M. (N.H.) : 2 spec, (alcool), non enreg., " Gulf of Guinea. Congo Expd. ", = Nautilograpsus minutus (L. 1758). Grapsus [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 414. 10 Dorippe armata Miers 1881 ex White, 1847— B.M. (N.H.), i spec, (a sec), " Congo Expd. Coll. J. Cranch " = Dorippe sp. Cranch 1818 (H, p. 414) = Dorippe armata \\Tiite, 1847, p. 54 [nomen nudum) — B.M. (N.H., i sp6c. ; la description et la figure de Miers (1881, p. 269-270, pi. XV, fig. 4-4 a) sont d'apres le specimen de Cranch. 8. Stomatopodes I. Alima hyalina Leach, 1818, p. 416, pl.non num., I fig. non num. (Porto Prava et '1 ? juv.fide Rathbun, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1897, p. 50. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 67 7°37'o N-I7°34'i5 W, done i8 avril). B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n^ 164 a-b (a sec) et 164 c-n (alcool) — White 1847, p. 83, 17 spec. Cette larve a ete identifiee par Manning (1962) a celle de Squilla alba Bigelow, 1893 ; plus recemment le mfime auteur (1968, p. 136-137) adopte " Alima Leach, 1817 " comme nom d'un genre, malgre la frequente utilisation faite de ce nom pour designer un type de larve de Stomatopode, et utilise le binom " Alima hyalina Leach, 1817 " { = Squilla alba Bigelow, 1893). On aura remarque la date " 1817 " : Manning specific (p. 142) que le texte de Leach de la " Narrative ..." est de 1818, tandis que la planche non numerotee sur laquelle figure Alima hyalina serait de 1817. II est exact que I'exemplaire de la Royal Geographical Society, comme ceux cites par Holthuis et Manning (1964, p. 140) portent, au has de la planche en question : " Published Novr. i st, 1817, by John Murray, London " ; on pent done penser que si I'exemplaire du Museum {n° 22795) ^^ porte pas eette indication, c'est qu'elle aura disparu au cours du rognage. Est-il certain qu'une espece decrite dans un texte paru dans un volume bien date (1818) figure sur une planche appartenant a ce volume mais imprimee a I'avance (1817) doive porter eette derniere date plutot que celle du volume ? 2. Smerdis armata Leach, 1818, p. 415-416, pi. non num., fig. non num. B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n° 165 a-b (a sec) et 165 c-n (alcool) — White, 1847, p. 82, i spec. [Erichius armatiis]. 3. Smerdis vulgaris Leach, 1818, p. 415, pi. non num., fig. non num. B.M. (N.H.) : White cat. n" 166 b (a sec) et 166 c-e (alcool) — White, 1847, p. 82, 5 spec. [Erichihus vitreus'] : la position " 5°N-I2° W " correspond au 30 avril 1816. 9. Divers II ne semble guere possible d'identifier, en I'absence des specimens ou meme de figures, les 5 genres et 6 especes decrits par Leach en 1830 dans les Transactions of the Plymouth Institution, bien que 4 des genres soient attribuee a la famille de " SquiUadae " . 1. Odontorynchus Leach, 1830, p. 169. 1 a. Odontocerus [sic] lutescens Leach 1830, p. 170 : " Habitat ad Guineae littora ". 2. Prionorhynchus Leach, 1830'^, p. 170. 2 a. Prionorhynchus Cranchianus Leach, 1830, p. 171, 24° 13'N — i8°5i'i5 W, done le 4 avril, au large de la cote saharienne. 3. Opithiocheirus Leach, 1830 a, p. 172. 3 a. Opithiocheirus Chrysophthalmus Leach, 1830 a, p. 172-173, " inhabits the Atlantic Ocean near the river Congo ". 4. Usterocheirus Leach, 1830 a, p. 173. 4a. Usterocheirus Macropocoiliuni Leach, 1830 a, p. 173-174, "inhabits the Atlantic, adhering to Fucus natans " . 4 b. Usterocheirus Brachycoilion Leach, 1830 a, p. 174, avec le precedent. 5. Zuphanusa Leach, 1830 a, p. 174-175. 5 a. Zuphanusa Smithiana Leach, 1818, p. 175, meme habitat. '2 Nee Jacquinot & Lucas, 1853 [Braychyoure]. 68 JOHN CRANCH. L-EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) V. Myriapodes 1-2. lulus, 2 spp. (i n.sp.), Leach, 1818, p. 418. 3. Scolopendra n.sp., ibidem. VI. Insectes 1-36. 36 especes parvenues a Londres " in a tolerable state " (un n.gen. de Scara- baeidea, 5-6 n.spp.), tout le reste detruit par I'humidite et les Insectes (Leach, 1818, p. 418). Les seules descriptions que je connaise a ce sujet sont celles de : (i) Platygenia Zairica MacLeay, Horae Entom . . . , I, i, 1819 : 152 [Platygenia n.gen. : 151], type BM. = Platygenia barbata (Afzelius 1817) (2) Euporus strangulaUts Audinet-ServUle 1834 : 171 ex Dejean, 1821, Cat.Coleo. : 105 (Callichroma strangulata nom. nudum), type B.M. (3) Bombyx Mariana A. White 1843 : 264, holotype B.M. = Janomima mariana (White). VII. Mollusques 1. Gasiropodes 1. Janthina fragilis, seule espece parvenue a Leach ; tous les autres Gastropodes perdus (Leach, 1818, p. 412). 2. Firola arcuala n.sp. Leach, 1818, p. 411, notet 3°i5'o S— 9°38'o E done au large des cotes du Gabon. 3. Firola sp.. Leach, 1818, ibidem (croquis par Hawkey, pas de specimen). 4. Firola sp., Leach, 1818, ibidem, idem. 2. Pteropodes 1. Cleodora sp. 2°i4'o S — 9°55'i5 E, done Leach, 1818, p. 411. 2. Cleodora sp. 2°4i'o S-9°i6'o E, done Leach, ibidem, p. 411-412. 3. Cephalopodes 1. Ocyihoe Cranchii Leach, 1817, p. 295-296, pi. XII, fig. 1-6 ; 1817 a, p. 139 ; 1818, p. 410 ; 1818 c, p. 394 ; BlainviUe, 1818, p. 49-51. fig. 2 A-B— B.M. (N.H.) : I ex. (alcool) " J. Cranch, Congo Expedition ". [probablement Argonatda hians Solander iy86,fide Malcolm R. Clarke, in litt., 9-I-1969] I a. Cranchia n.gen. Leach, 1817 a, p. 140 ; 1818 c, p. 394 (" Cranchie, Cranchia ", note : " Ce genre est dedie a M. Cranch, I'une des victimes de I'expedi- tion anglaise au Congo, et homme vraiment remarquable par le zele qu'il a montre pour la Zoologie "). 2. Cranchia scabra Leach, 1817 a, p. 140 ; 1818, p. 410, pl.n.num., i fig. n. num. ; 1818 c, p. 395, pl.n.num. fig. 6— B.M. (N.H.) : i ex (alcool) + 1 coq., " J. Cranch " : [Cranchia scabra Leach, 1817] 3. Cranchia maculata Leach, 1817 a, p. 140 ; 1818, p. 410 ; 1818 c, p. 395 — B.M. (N.H.) : I ex. (alcool), " the sac only ", " J. Cranch ". [Hoyle (Rep. Scient. Res. H.M.S. Challenger, Zool., XVI, 1886, p. 186-187) signale avoir examine le type, qui est en mauvais 6tat et pourrait etre un Megalocranchia (Taonius juv. ?)] 4. Loligo Banksii Leach, 1817 a, p. 141 ; 1818, p. 411, pl.n.num., i fig. n. num. ; 1818 c, C. [almar] (laps. cal. pour L. [oligo]) Banksii, p. 396, pl.n. num., fig. 4— B.M. (N.H.) ; I ex. (alcool), = Onychoteuthis banksi (Leach, 1817). 5. Loligo Cranchii BlainviUe, Journ.Phys.Chim.Hist.Nat., XVCI, 1823, p. 123 ; JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 69 Dict.Sc.Nat., XXVII, 1823, p. 135 et XXXII, 1824, p. 174 ; c'est comme I'a note deja A. d'Orbigny, Moll.viv. et foss., 1855, p. 240, le Cranchia scabra : on le voit par I'Atlas du Dict.Sc.Nat. oil Blainville appeUe " Poulpe de Cranch " (pl.n.num., fig. 2-2 a) VOcythoe Cranchii et " Calmar de Cranch " (autre pl.n.num., fig. 4) le Cranchia scabra ; " Cranchia " est pour lui une " subdivision " de Loligo, mais pourquoi aura- t-il cre6 le binom Loligo Cranchii ? Les regies de la nomenclature, alors, n'existaient pas encore. Quand Blainville public en 1823 (p. 123) un " C.[almar] de Cranch L.[oUgo] Cranchii Leach, Voy. au Congo, pi. I et J. Phys. LXXXVI, pi. de juin, fig. 6 " il fait en effet erreur car il n'y a pas de Loligo Cranchii Leach dans la Narrative . . . , ni autre part d'ailleurs. 6. Loligo leptura Leach, 1817 a, p. 141 (L. lepturo [sic]) ; 1818, p. 411, pl.n.num., I fig. n.num. ; 1818 c, p. 395, pl.n.num., fig. 5— B.M. (N.H.) : 2 ex. (alcool), " West Africa, J. Cranch ", i°8'o"N— 7°26'30" E^s, done le 19 mai, non loin de Sao Tome, = Enoplofeuthis leptura (Leach, 1817). 7. Loligo Smythii Leach, 1817 a, p. 141 ; 1818, p. 411, pl.n.num., i fig.n.num.— B.M. (N.H.) = I ex. (alcool), meme localite que L. leptura, = Enoploleuthis leptura (Leach, 1817). VIII. Tuniciers 1. Salpa fusi/ormis Cuv. f. gregata — Figurde par Cranch, C, p. 40, cf. p. 11 2. Salpa maxima Forsskal f. gregata — Figuree par Cranch, C, p. 23, cf. p. 11. IX. Poissons II n'est pas possible d'enumerer avec certitude les specimens de Poissons recoltfe par Cranch et conserves au British Museum, aucun enregistrement systematique ne les concernant. Trois holotypes, en tons les cas, existent : 1. Oxyrhynchus deliciosus [n.sp.] — Leach, 1818, p. 410, cf. descr. et croquis de Cranch, D, p. 3, supra p. 53, ( = Mormyrops deliciosus, cf. Boulenger, Freshwater Fishes of Africa, I, 1909, p. 33-34)^B.M. (N.H.) : i ex. naturahse, SL = 695 mm, LT = 745 mm ; cet holotype est aussi celui du Mormyrtis Tuckeyi Valenciennes in Cuvier et Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des Poissons, XIX, 1847, P- 263-264. 2. Silurus congensis Leach, 1818, p. 409 ( = Eutropius congensis ; on se demande pourquoi Boulenger ecrit, Poissons du Bassin du Congo, 1901, p. 268 : congoletisis, comme dans ses Freshwater Fishes of Africa, II, 191 1, p. 281-282 ; il ne peut s'agir que d'un lapsus qu'il n'y a aucune raison d'accepter)— B.M. (N.H.) : i ex. en alcool, SL = 265 mm, LT = 315 mm. 3. Pimelodus Cranchii Leach, 1818, p. 409-410 ( = Chrysichthvs cranchii, cf. Boulenger, loc. cit., II, 1911, p. 332-334— B.M. (N.H.) : i ex. en alcool, SL = 179 mm, LT = 215 mm, " River Congo — Congo Expedition "). 4. Squalus serrata [sic] n. nudum, Tuckey, 1818, p. 40. X. Reptiles Les types de Coluber Palmarum Leach, 1818, p. 408-409 ( = Dasypeltis scaber (L.) var. palmarum) et de Coluber Smythii Leach, 1818 (p. 409 ( = Grayia smythii) se " Gray {1849, p. 47) donne 1° 8'N — 26° 30'E, ce qui est ^videmment faux. JO JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) trouvent dans les collections du British Museum ; par contra la tete de Trionyx Egyptiacus est perdue. XI. Oiseaux II ne semble exister a Londres qu'un seul specimen de Cranch : le type de Perdix Cranchii Leach 1818 (p. 408)'^ est en effet conserve au British Museum (No. 1965. 2.1), sans etiquette d'origine mais avec une etiquette du musee : " No. 7. Type. Plernistes cranchii, Leach. Loc. Congo. Pres. by Congo Expedition " ; specimen mentionne par R.L.M. Warren, Type-specimens of Birds in the British Museum (N.H.), vol. I, 1966. p. 70. Les iypts d'Himndo Smithii Leach, 1818 (p. 407) et de Plotus Congensis Leach, 1818 (p. 408) ne se trouvent pas a Londres : ont-ils 6te deposes au British Museum en meme temps que Perdix Cranchii ? II est impossible de le decouvrir. Je ne sais rien non plus du type de Sterna senex Leach, 1818 (p. 408). La liste donnee par Leach (1818, p. 407-408) des autres Oiseaux (32 spp.) est la suivante, reproduite avec addition de la nomenclature actuelle'^. [-P.407-] 1. " Aquila melanaeios, {Savignys Oiseaux d'Egypt. pi. ii. f. 2.) " = Aquila pomarina Brehm. 2. " lerax rniisiciis, Singing hawk, [Le Vail. Ois. d'Afr. i. pi. 27.) " = Melierax canorus (Risl.) 3. " Circus , (L'Acoli, Le Vail.) " = ? 4. " Elanus melanopterus, {Sav. Ois. d'Eg.pl. ii.f. 2). In great plenty " = Elanits caerulens (Desf.) 5. " Milvus aetotius, (Sav. Ois. d'Eg. pi. iv. f. i) " = Milvus migrans aegyptius (Gmel.) 6. " Polophilus , [Sav. Ois. d'Eg. pi. iv.f.z) " = Centropiis senegalensis (L.) 7. "Corvus scapularis, (Le Vail. Ois. d'Af. ii. pi. 53.) " = Corvus albus P.L.S. Muller. 8. " Coracias afra, African roller " = Euryslomns ajer (Latham) 9. " Passer, (Savig. Ois. d'Eg. pi. v. f. 7.) " = ? 10. " Hirimdo Savignii, (Sav. Ois. d'Eg. pi. iv. f. 4.) " = Hirundo lucida Verreaux 11. " Hirundo Smithii (New species) ... A single specimen was killed off Chisalla island " = Hirundo smithi Leach. 12. " Alauda, (Le Vail. Ois. d'Afr. pi. 196) " = Macronyx capensis (L.) 13. " Sylvia, (Savig. Ois. d'Eg. pi. v. f. 3) " = Sylvia curruca (L.) 14. " Sylvia, (Le Vail. Ois. d'Afr. 121). = ? Acrocephalus sp. 15. " Certhia cincta, (Ois Dor. ii, pi. 10) " = Nectarinia afra (L.) 16. " Certhia chalybea, (Ois Dor. ii. pi. 13 et 14) " = Cinnyris chalybea (L.) 17. " Merops erythropterus, (PI. 6nl. 318) " = Melittophagus pusillus (P. L. S. Miiller) '* Devenu FrancoUnus Cranchii J. F. Stephens in G. Shaw, Gen. Zool., XI, Aves, 2, 1819, p. 336, Plernislis Cranchii (Leach 1818), J. G. Wagler, Isis (Oken), 1832, col. 1229 et Plernislis afer cranchi ou FrancoUnus afer cranchi. '5 Je dois remercier ici le Professeur Jean Dorst qui a bicn voulu m'aider dans la mise a jour de la nomenclature utilis^e par Leach. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO {1816) 71 18. " UpU'pa Epops, Common Hoopoe, not varying in the slightest degree from that of Europe " = Upiipa epops L. ig. Alcedo maxima var. ? With the breast ferruginous, the belly varied with black and white, the throat white. In other respects it agrees exactly with the common varieties from Senegal. " = Megaceryle maxima (Pallas) 20. " Alcedo , {PL enl. 556) probably a variety of Sencgalensis, or the other sex. " = Halcyon senegalensis (L.) 21. " Alcedo rudis, (PI. enl. 62.) " = Ceryle rudis (L.) 22. " Buceros , (Le Vail. Ois. d'Afr. pi. 233.) " = Tockus fasciatus (Shaw) 23. " Perdix Cranchii, (new species) . . . " = Pternistis cranchi (Leach) 24. " Columha , (Savig. Ois. d'Eg. pi. 5 /. 9) common. " = Stigmatopelia senegalensis (L.) 25. " Vanellus , (Savig. Ois. d'Eg. pi. 6. f. 3.) = Hoplopterns spinosus (L.) 26. " Scopus iimbretta, Tufted Umber ; not uncommon " = Scopus umbrella Gmel. 27. " Ardea , (Savig. Ois. d'Eg. pi. 8f. 1.) " = Bubulcus ibis (L.) 28. " Ardea Senegalensis, (PI. enl. 315.) " = Ardeola ralloides (Scopoli) 29. " Parra Africana, (Lath. Syn. tab. 87.) " = Actophilornis africana (Gmel.) 30. " Recurvirosira Very much destroyed, but from the parts remaining, not to be distinguished from our European species, R. Avoselta, the common Avoset. " = Recurvirosira avoselta L. 31. " Phalacrocorax , (Savig. Ois. d'Eg. pi. 8.f. 2.) " = Phalacrocorax africanus (Gmel.) 32. " Plotus Congensis, (new species) . . . One was killed. " = Anhinga rufa (Lacep. et Daud.) 33. " Anas , (Savig. Ois. d'Eg. pi. 10. f. i) " = Tadorna. ferruginea (Pallas). 34. " Sterna senex, (new species) . . . " = Anous stolidus (L.) 35. " Rhynchops niger, (PI. enl. 357.) = Rhynchops fiavirostris Vieillot II va sans dire que cette liste, pour I'etablissement de laquelle j'ai beneficie de I'aide du Prof. Jean Dorst et de Mme Voisin, represente les identifications proposees par Leach sans qu'il soit possible pour certaines, en I'absence des specimens corres- pondants, d'en verifier I'exactitude. Les genres ou especes dediees a John Cranch me paraissent §tre les suivants : I. Crustaces 1. Achaeus Cranchii Leach, Malac. Podophth. Brit., Dec. 1817, pl. XX/C et leg. — [Brachy.]. 2. Campecopea Cranchii Leach, Diet. Sc. Nat., XII, 1818, p. 341. — [Isop., = C. hirstita (Montagu 1804)]. 3. Cineras Cranchii Leach, 1818 (supra, p. 64). — [Cirr., = Conchoderma virgatum (Spengler 1790)]. 4. Cineras Cranchianus Leach, 1825 (supra p. 64). — [Cirr., = Conchoderma virgatum (Spengler 1790)]. 5. Cirolana Cranchii Leach, Diet. Sc. Nat., XII, 1818, p. 347. — [Isop.]. 72 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 6. Ebalia Cranchii Leach, Malac. Podophth. Brit., Apr. 1817, pi. XXV/7 — 11 et 16g.- — [Brachy.]. 7. Hippolyte Cranchii Leach, Malac. Podophth. Brit., Dec. 1187, pi. XXXVIII/ 17-21 et leg. — [D6cap. Nat., = Thoralus cranchii (Leach, 1817)] 8. Lupa Cranchiana Leach MS. in White, 1847, p. 27. — [Brachy., = Poriuntis validus Herklots 1851]. 9. Megalopa Cranchii Leach, 1818 (supra, p. 66). — [Brachy.]. 10. Nelocira Cranchii Sherbom, Index Anim. 1S01-1850, C, p. 1589, sans doute pour Nelocira Swainsonii Leach, Diet. Sc. Nat., XH, 1818, p. 347. ir. Pandarus Cranchii Leach, Diet. Sc. Nat., XIV, i8ig, p. 535. — [Cop.] 12. Phyllosoma Cranchii Leach MS. in White, 1847, p. 82. — [Astac] 13. Pinnotheres Cranchii Leach, Malac. Podophth. Brit., Jan. 1815, pi. XI\'74-5 et 16g. — [Brachy., = Pinnoteres pisum (Pennant 1777)]. 14. Prionorhynchus Cranchiamis Leach, 1830 (supra, p. 67). — [?] 15. Vertutnnus Cranchii Leach MS. in White, 1847, p. 89, nomen ntcdiim. — [Amphi., = Epimeria cornigera (Fabricius 1779)]. II — Mollusques 1. Placophores 1. Chiton Cranchii Leach, 1847, P- 271 [nom.ntid.] 2. Gastropodes 2. Alvania Cranchii Leach, 1847, p. 270 [now. nud.'] 3. Bela Cranchii Leach, 1847, P- 270 [nom. nud.'] 4. Bulla Cranchii J. Fleming, Hist, of Brit. Anim., 1828, p. 292-293. — En reality plutot " Bulla Cranchii Fleming ex Leach " car ce dernier signale (p. 293) avoir re^u le specimen de Leach avec un nom in schedtdis. 5. Bulla Cranchii Fleming ex Leach 1828 ; cf. E. Forbes and S. Hanley, Hist. Brit. MoU., Ill, 1851, p. 533-534, pi. CXIV/D, fig. 8-9 et V.V., fig. 2. 6. Bulla Cranchii A. Adams ex Leach MS in G.B. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., II, (1856), Part II, p. 586, pi. CXXV/115 — Encore la meme espece. 7. Fusus Cranchii T. Brown, 111. Rec. Conchol. Gr. Brit. Ireland, 2nd ed. [1844], p. VII et 6, pi. V, fig. 5 (bien que la legende p. 140 ne mentionne pas F. Cranchii et donne la fig. 5 pour F. discors (irst ed., 1827, pi. 48, fig. 5). 8. Murex Cranchii Leach MS., in T. Brown (" Fusus Cranchii "), ibidem, p. 6. 9. Roxania Cranchii Leach, 1847, p. 268 [nom. nud.] ; cf. Leach, Moll. Brit. Synopsis, 1852, p. 43 ; le binom ms serait de 1819 ou 1820. 10. Scaphander Cranchii (Leach) Loven, Index. Moll. Scand. occid.hab., Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 3, 1846, p. 142. 11. Trochus Cranchii Leach, 1847, p. 270 [nom. nud.] 3. Cdphalopodes 12. Cranchia Leach, 1817 (supra, p. 68) [type : Cranchia scabra Leach] 13. Cranchea Schweigger, Handb. Nat. Skelett-losen ungegUed. Thiere, 1820, p. 758. 14. Liocranchia Pfeffer, Abhandl. aus dem Geb. der Naturvviss. Hamburg, VIII, 2, N° 4, 1884, p. 85. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO {1816) 73 15. Megalocranchia Pfeffer, ibidem, p. 84. 16. Cranchidae [fam.], cf. J. E. Gray, Cat. Moll. Coll. Brit. Mus., Part 1, 1849, p. 36 et 37- 17. Cranchina [sub-fam.] J. E. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1847, P- 205. 18. Ocythoe Cranchii Leach, 1817 (supra, p. 68) in. Poissons I. Pimelodus Cranchii Leach, 1818. IV. Oiseaux I. Perdix Cranchii Leach, 1818 (supra, p. 70). BIBLIOGRAPHIE Anonyme [probt. W. E. Leach], 1818. Biographical memoir of Prof. Smith and Mr. Cranch, Ann. Phil., II ; 321-329, — Kesumd, ne contenant rien de nouveau, des notes biographiques de J. Barrow dans I'Introduction de la " Narrative ..." Anstey, Roger. 1962. Britain and the Congo in the nineteenth century, Oxford, XIII + 260 p., 4 pis., front. Blainville, H. M. D. de, 1818. Note additionnelle au m^moire sur le Poulpe de I'Argonaute, /. Phys. Chim. Hist, nat., 87 : 47-52 — Blainville a re9ii de Leach un exemplaire A'Ocythoe Cranchii (p. 49.51 : " Ocythoe de Cranch de Leach ") dont il pubhe (livr. de juin, pi. n. num., fig. 2 A-B) une figure dessinee par lui. 1822. Meraoire sur les LernSes, (Lernea, Lin.), /. Phys. Chim. Hist, nat., 95 : 372-380 et 437-447, I pl- n.num. (p.p.). 1823. Article " Lernee, Lernaea ", Diet. Sc. Nat., 26 Paris, pp. 1 12-130. 1823. MSmoire sur les especes du genre Calmar [loligo, Lamarck), /. Phys. Chim. Hist, nat., 95 : 116-135. BowRiNG, Sir John, 1872. Ancient Exeter and its Trade, Trans. Devonshire Assoc, 1872 : 90-106. Brown, Thomas. 1844. Ulustrations of the Recent Conchology of Great Britain and Ireland . . . , 2nd ed., London and Edinburgh, XIII+i f. errata+144 pp., 59 pis. [col.] BuCH, Leopold von. 1826. Biographical Memoir of the late Christian Smith, M.D., Naturalist to the Congo Expedition, Edinb. New phil. J., 1 : 209-216. Gray, J. E. 1849. Catalogue of the Mollusca in the collection of the British Museum, Part I, Cephalopoda Antepedia, London, 1849, IV+164 pp. HoLTHUis, L. B. & Manning, Raymond B., 1964. Proposed use of plenary powers (A) to designate a type-species for the genera Pseiidosquilla Dana, 1852, and Gonodactvlus Bert- hold, 1827, and (B) for the suppression of the generic na.me Smerdis Leach, 1817 (Crustacea, Stomatopoda), Bull. zool. Norn., 21, (2) : 137-143. Home, Everard. 1817. The distinguishing characters between the ova of the Sepia, and those of the vermes testacea, that live in water, explained, Phil. Trans. R. Soc, 107, (I) Art. XXIII, [read June 5, 1817], : 297-301, pl. XIII-XIV — Ces 2 pl. sont reproduites dans la " Narrative ..." (pl. " 12-14 " ^ '■ " Direction for placing the plates "). Home, E. 1818. The distinguishing characters between the ova of the Sepia, and those of the vermes testacea, that live in water explained, in Tuckey, J. K., Narrative . . . to explore the River Zaire, Appendix III, pp. 402-406, pl. XIII-XIV [celles des Phil. Trans.] in : " Nar- rative ..." Leach, W. E. 181 7. Observations on the Genus Ocythoe of Rafinesque, with a description of a neiv species, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 107, (1) Art. XXII, [read June 5, 1817], : 293-296, pl. XII (6 fig.) — Cette pl. est plac^e dans I'article suivant (Home), auquel les " Directions for placing the plates " de la " Narrative ..." attribuent, par erreur, 3 pl. (12-14). 74 JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) Leach, W. E. 1817 a. The Zoological Miscellany, 3, VI + 151 pp.. pi. 121-149. [Leach, W. E.]. 1818. A general notice of the Animals taken by Mr. John Cranch In Tuckey, J. K. Narrative . . . to explore the River Zaire, Appendix IV, pp. 407-409, i pi. coul. n. num. sans legende [appelee " ii " a : " Directions for placing the plates ", et placee dans I'article precedent [Ocythoe), in : " Narrative . . "]. Cet article est anonyme mais il n'est pas douteux que Leach en est I'auteur, ce que tous les citateurs et nomenclateurs ont admis et que prouve, par exemple, la phrase (p. 414) : " . . , Mr. Cranch took a new species of this interesting genus [Zoea^, by which I have been able to verify the opinion published in the Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Britannica (vol. i, p. 423) where I have referred it to the Crustacea with pedunculated eyes " ; or il s'agit de I'article bien connu de Leach (1816) sur les " Annulosa ", p. 401-453, pi. XX-XXVI in : Supplement to the fourth, fifth and sixth edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica . . . , 1, 1824 ; I'auteur : " V " est Leach : I'exemplaire du Museum est de 1824 mais I'edition a laquelle Leach fait allusion en 1818 est de 1816. Le Dr R. B. Manning (1968, p. 142) tout en admettant la date de 1818 pour le texte de I'Appendix IV accepte " 1817 " pour la planche n.num. illustrant I'Appendix IV mais placee dans I'Appendix II. i8i8a. Appendix, No. II. Observations on the Genus Ocythoe of Rafinesque, with a Description of a new species, in Tuckey, J. K. Narrative . . . to explore the River Zaire Appendix II pp. 400-401. i pi. " XII " [celle des Philos. Trans^, placee d'ailleurs dans I'article Home in : " Narrative . . . ". 18186. Sur plusieurs genres nouveaux de Crustaces. /. Phys. Chim. Hist, nat., 86 : 304-307, fig. 4-1 1 [pi. n. num.]'* Cet article aura-t-il \'Taiment ete publie en avril? On pent en douter puisque sa planche reproduit une planche parue dans la " Narrative . . . ". publiee en mars. Mais il n'est pas impossible non plus, evidemment, que Leach ait envoye plus ou moins simultanement deux articles, illustres chacun de la meme planche, d'une part a Sir John Barrow, pour la " Narrative . . . ", d'autre part a Blainville, pour le Journal de Physique. Zoe clavata, p. 304, fig. 4 ; Smerdis, p. 305 ; Smerdis vulgaris, p. 305, fig. 5 : Smerdis armata, p. 305, fig. 6 ; Alima, p. 305 ; Alima hyalina, p. 305, fig. 7 ; Phyllosoma brevicorne, p. 307, fig. 8 ; Phyllosoma laticorne, p. 307, fig. 9 ; Phyllosoma commune, p. 307, fig. 10 ; Phyllosoma clavicorne , p. 307. fig. 11. 1818 c. Sur plusieurs especes nouvelles de la classe des Cephalopodes et sur une nouvelle distribution systematique des ordres, families et genres de cette classe, ibidem, 86 : 393-396, fig. 3-6" [pi. n. num., parue dans la livraison de juin]. 1825. A Tabular view of the Genera comprising the Class Cirripedes, with Description of the Species of Otion, Cineras and Clyptra, Zool. J. Lond., 2: 208-215 — Cineras Chelonophilus, p. 212 ; C. Cranchianus, p. 212 ; C. Olfersianus, p. 213. 1830. On two new genera of Crustaceous animals, discovered by Mr. John Cranch in the Expedition to Congo. Trans. Plymouth Instn., 1830 ; 169-171. 1830 a. On three new genera of the Malacostraceous Crustacea, belonging to the family Squilladae, ibidem, 1830 ; 172-175. 1847. The Classification of the British MoUusca, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20 : 267-273. Lesson, Rene-Primevere. 1843. Histoire naturelle des Zoophytes. Acalephes, Suites a Buffon, Paris, 1843, VIII + 598 pp., 12 pis. col. Leyden, John. 1817. Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Africa, Edinburgh, 1, XX + 512 pp. 2 cartes h.t. Manning, Raymond B. 1962. Alima hyalina Leach, the pelagic larva of the Stomatopod crustacean Squilla alba Bigelow, Bull. mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb., 12 ; 496-507, fig. 1-4. 1968. A revision of the family Squillidae (Crustacea, Stomatopoda), with the description of eight new genera Bull. mar. Sci., 18 : 105-142, fig. i-io. MiERS, E. J. i88i. On a collection of Crustacea made by Baron Hermann Maltzam (sic) at " Tous ces dessins sent empruntes a la pi. de Leach, 1S18 (Narrative . . .), mais reproduits inverses. " Ces dessins sont emprunt&k lapl. de Leach, i8i8 (Narrative . . .) mais reproduits invers&. Les figs. I [Ocythoe antiquorum) et 2 [Ocythoe Cranchii) semblent bien appartenir k un article de Blainville, Sur le Poulpe habitant de I'Argonaute (suite), livr. juin. p. 434-455. JOHN CRANCH, L'EXPfiDITION DU CONGO (1816) 75 Goree Island, Senegambia, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), 8 : 259-281, pi. XIII-XIV ; 364-377, pi. XV-XVI, MoNOD, Thi^odore, 1931. Sur quelques Crustac^s aquatiques d'Afrique (Cameroun et Congo,) Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 21, Fasc. 1, ler oct. 1931 : 1-36, fig. 1-24. 1967. Les Sciences de la mer dans le Golfe de Guin^e — Aper9u historique, Actes Symp. Ocdanogr. Ressoiirces Halieutiques Atl. Trap., Abidjan, 20-28 oct. 1966, F.A.O.,Rome : 29-36. Roper, Clyde F. E., 1966. A study of the genus Enoploteuthis (Cephalopoda : Oegopsida) in the Atlantic Ocean with a redescription of the type species, E. leptura (Leach 1817), Dana- Report No. 66, 46 pp., fig. 1-24. TucKEY, J. K. 1818. Narrative of an Expedition to e.xplore the River Zaire, usually called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816, under the Direction of Captain J . K. Ttickey, R. N., London, 40, [March] 1818, LXXXII + 498 p., 13 fig. n. num., 13 p.l p. p. n. num., i carte h.t. — Ily aen rialitS 500 p.etnon 498 car laplanche "12" (cf. "Directives for placing the plates") se trouve au moins dans I'exemplaire du Museum, entre les p. 402 et " 401 " [sic) : on a en effet, par erreur : 401-402-401-402-403, etc. Mr. G. S. Dugdale, bibUoth^caire de la Royal Geographical Society, a bien voulu me preciser que le volume a paru en mars 1818 ; la Maison John Murray a eu I'obligeance de me confirmer que si la date exacte de publication est impossible a preciser, on retrouve la trace d'un depot du volume au British Museum le 14 mars. White, A. 1847. List of the Specimens of Crustacea in the Collection of the British Museum, London, 1847, VIII4-143 pp. 1850. List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the British Musexim. Part IV. — Crustacea, London, 1850, IV4-i4i pp. Professeur Theodore Monod Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 57 rue Cuvier. Paris, 5'- PLANCH E I Fig. I, doc. G, No. i, cf. p. 55 Fig. 2, doc. G, No. 2, cf. p. 55 Fig. 3, doc. G, No. 4, cf. p. 55 Fig. 4, doc. G, No. 5, cf. p. 55 Fig. 5, doc. G, No. 20, cf. p. 56 Fig. 6, doc. G, No. 19, cf. p. 56 Fig. 7, doc. G, No. 11, cf. p. 56 Fig. 8, doc. G, No. 7, cf. p. 55 Fig. 9, doc. G. No. 33, cf. p. 57 Bull. Br. Mn>. nnt. Hut. (hist. Ser.) 4. I PI.ANCHE I CO ,th \ I I. CM ^^ ^. 4 in 1/ S ': \ PLANCHE i Fig. I, doc. G, No. 9, cf. p. 56 Fig. 2. doc. A, p. 21, cf. p. 10 Fig. 3, doc. G, No. 10, cf. p. 56 Fig. 4, doc. G, No. 23, cf. p. 56 Fig. 5, doc. G. No. 16, cf. p. 56 Fig. 6, doc. G, No. 12, cf. p. 56 Fig. 7, doc. G, No. 26, cf. p. 56 Fig. 8, doc. G, No. 27, cf. p. 57 Fig. 9, doc. G, No. 13, cf. p. 56 Fig. 10, doc. G, No. 28, cf. p. 57 Bull. B}\ Mils. nat. Hisl. (hist. Ser.) 4, I PLANCHE rA- ■-f ■'-,;&. M ^/ i-h fi>'^ , , f^ .-r^ ■A / — «**^ **" '**^ >/> • 'J. ». ,^«^ xi- _— -*- ~^-*--^ -X / .— »^^ «p — i A'«~' " ./^, 'yyr»^' 'V^wvw/^" 10 -=«C^ PLANCHE 3 Fig. I, doc- C. p. 30, lar\'e Ahma et Fhyllosome (le PhvUosinna chiviior)ie de la planche de Leach 1818). Fig. 2, doc. A, p. 10. Nerocila trichiiira. cf. p. 65 Fig. 3, doc. C, p. 28, Siphonophore, cf. p. 1 1 Fig. 4, doc. C, p. 51. Phyllosome (le Phyllosoma cominuite de la planche dc Leach 1S18). Fig. 5, doc. C. p. 28, cf. p. 11. Fig. 6, doc. C, p. 32, cf. p. 11. Fig. 7, doc. .■\, p. 25. specimen de stenographie. Bull. By. Mm. iial. Hisl. (hist. Ser) 4, i Pl.ANt HE 3 ip ,\ / .t -i^'- ' <- 1 U.-.>.^3^ t? ^ /-<- u^^ o» i: ^.^ ^ h.-eto, /j,,^ ^-^A. -^^ ■'•M*^ ^ /'/t^ 1"-'// <^ I i% ■jH ' ■i ■> 1 />* I. -» ^ -J, !■ J>rJ^.^ 1 >- o^ ^ (. ^^^ ^ 7 ^ -i c VVV-V,. ^ A^ y-A^ -^ -v. '- -i I B 5 AUG 1971 Printed in Great Britain by Alden & Mowbray Ltd at the Alden Press. Oxford J lU A SHORT HISTORY OF THE LIBRARIES AND LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) - 5 AUG 1971 1 F. C. SAWYER BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) HISTORICAL Vol. 4 No. 2 LONDON : 1971 Bernard Barham Woodward Librarian, 1881-1920 Basil Harrington Soulsby Librarian, 1920-1930 Ctiaries i ia\'ics Sherborn Bibliographer, 1888-1942 Alexander Cockburn Towiisiiul, u.b.t. Librarian, 1 930-1 964 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE LIBRARIES AND LIST OF MANUSCRIPTS AND ORIGINAL DRAW- INGS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) BY FREDERICK C. SAWYER Pp. 77-204 J',^ AUG 197/ BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 4 No. 2 LONDON: 1971 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (natural history), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily he completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Vol. 4, No. 2 of the Historical series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. World List abbreviation : Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (hist. Ser.). I Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1971 TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) Issued 31 May, 1971 Price £3.40 5 AIjGI971 i ,'o'''*iStMt;[, - , A SHORT HISTORY OF THE LIBRARIES AND LIST OF MANUSCRIPTS AND ORIGINAL DRAW- INGS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) By FREDERICK C. SAWYER CONTENTS Transfer of Collections from Bloomsbury Foundation of the Libraries The General Library : B, B. Woodward Charles Davies Sherborn Numbers and Prices Catalogues and Cataloguing . Later Librarians .... Departmental Libraries . Classification and Shelving Periodicals and the Zoological Record Notable Collections References ..... The Appendix : List of MSS. and Original Drawings Page 79 80 81 81 82 82 83 83 84 84 85 203 87 The 220 years of the life of the British Museum may, for convenience, be divided into three periods : that from its foundation in 1753 to 1830 at Montagu House, once standing on the forecourt of the present Museum ; the half century from 1830 to 1880 ending with the transfer of the Natural History Collections to South Kensington ; the third period covering the ninety years to the present. The history of the Library of the British Museum (Natural History), or more colloquially, the Natural History Museum, belongs almost exclusively to the last period. The transfer from Bloomsbury in 1880 was preceded by two most sur- prising anomalies. The first was the failure to give space to a Library in the new building to replace that at Bloomsbury. The architect's plan, approved by the Trustees and by the Keepers a dozen years before, provided Departmental Libraries, but as the detailed plans developed these disappeared and authority was too divided to restore them. The second anomaly was the principle accepted by the Trustees that no scientific literature could leave Bloomsbury that could be claimed to have fallen under the terms of the original Trust unless explicitly by Act of Parliament such as that of 1878 which permitted the removal of the Natural History Collections. The ban included one of the most famous of all natural history Ubraries, that bequeathed by Sir Joseph Banks on his death in 1820. When this came into the 8o A SHORT HISTORY OK THE LIBRARIES Museum in 1827, as a part of the Botanical Branch, it was understood that the Keeper of the Banksian Botanical Collections should have exclusive care of the library, manuscripts and drawings, but the Law Officers of the Crown, to whom the case for transferring the Banksian Library to South Kensington was referred in 1882, were of the opinion that the Trustees of the British Museum were prohibited by their Act of Incorporation from removing the Banksian Library from that building to South Kensington. That the ban should include the library of the Hans Sloane Collection of 1753, which brought the British Museum into being, was perhaps natural. But certain volumes which had found a permanent home in the Natural History Departments were seen as having become a part of the Collections and were allowed to go.' The other books which accompanied the Collections to South Kensington were a small number which a succession of Keepers in the course of 130 years had caused to be purchased for their own use. The records for the first hundred years or so of this period are obscure, but the Trustees' Minutes sanction the purchase from time to time of some work or another. From 1840, under the Keepership of John Edward Gray (1800-1875), the virtual founder of the Zoological Collections, the collection had doubled and re-doubled. There was an increase in staff and in catalogue making, but the reorganization of the main library at Bloomsbury at that time did not ease the borrowing of books by the Branches. Therefore in 1845-1847 the Natural History Branches (as they were called) of Botany, Mineralogy and Zoology, were each granted an annual sum of £25 for their special needs, especially for works of reference. Thus up to 1880, the Departments of Natural History at Bloomsbury had, with the exceptions stated, been entirely dependent on the main library for the loan and for the purchase of books. The collection of books which arrived in the new museum at South Kensington as a foundation for the Libraries there, was therefore, in all con- science, small enough. A Catahigue of Books in the Department of Zoology, published in 1880, shows 1,872 titles of books and 140 separate periodicals. There were only 70 works of a date older than 1801. The Mineral Department catalogue listed 1,129 titles of books and 48 periodicals. The Libraries of the Natural History Museum had, therefore, virtually to start from nothing. This lack of provision whether for proper accommodation for a library or for books was not due to want of protest on the part of the Keepers. From 1873 onwards, Albert Giinther, who was shortly to succeed J. E. Gray, continually pressed the claims of both. Eventually a year before the move, the Treasury sanctioned grants for book purchase : £5,700 for the year 1879/80, and £5,000 a year for each of the next five years.2 1 Some of these are of great interest. Sir Hans Sloane's copy of John Ray's Hisloria Plaiilarum was kept by the Department of Botany. The Trustees were making grants for special works as early as 1814. but it is not known what these were. Seventeen volumes of John .\bbot's water colour drawings of insects of Georgia, purchased in 1818 remained with the Zoological Branch. Following the Select Committee Report of 1836 there may well have been an increase in the printed books specially purchased for retention by the Zoological Branch, and in 1842, one of the first of these was Henri Milne Edwards' Histoire Naturelle des Crusiacis. ! Because no space had been allocated to the General Library, it had to be housed in what was in effect a communicating corridor on the eastern side of the Main Hall, and there it remained for the next seventy- IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 8i Before the move from Bloomsbury the Trustees had passed a special resolution that the new museum should have a General Library which should hold works common to more than one Department's interests. This was placed under the supervision of a Committee of the four Keepers, and to it was appointed an Assistant in Charge. Administratively the General Library was to be independent of the Departments, as the Departmental Libraries were to be independent of the central library. Until 1884, when the Director, Sir William Flower, took personal responsibility for the General Library, the Keepers were concerned both with it and their own libraries. Their influence was important, and their names merit record : W. Carruthers (Botany), L. Fletcher (Mineralogy), A. Giinther (Zoology), and H. Woodward (Geology). _ The Assistant in Charge appointed to the General Library was Bernard Barham Woodward (1853-1930), the first qualified librarian to join the Museum. He had served in the Department of Printed Books at Bloomsbury since 1876 and was trans- ferred to the Natural History Museum in 1881. If a record is needed of his bustling energy and efficiency, a story will illustrate it. B. B. Woodward had a cousin H. B. Woodward, who was employed in the Geological Survey, and to their friends they were known as " Bumble Bee " and " Humble Bee " respectively, names which very truly reflected their personalities. For the General Library, Woodward co-ordinated the expertise of the Keepers and of their staff with that available outside. For this he co-opted the assistance of Fred- erick Justen, a member of Dulau & Co., an old established firm of antiquarian book- sellers. Justen's wide knowledge of the second-hand book trade in natural history enabled him to comb the markets of Europe for copies of the basic works. If Woodward was a pioneer in this line of bibliographical work, there is another name that must be coupled with his, that of Charles Davies Sherborn (1861-1942). Born in Chelsea, his formal schooling ended at the age of fourteen when he started work at a bookseller's shop in New Bond Street for a weekly wage of seven shillings. He joined the Geological Department in 1888. His leisure was devoted to extensive reading and study at the Museum of Practical Geology, then located in Jermyn Street, and by determined self-education he became the foremost bibliographer of his time in the field of natural history. It was about the time when he first began work in the Museum that the germ of the idea of an Index Animalium — an alphabetical list of the scientific names applied to all animals since the year 1758 — was simmering in Sherborn's mind and after some encouragement from leading naturalists he commenced this stupendous task in July seven years. The departmental libraries were little better off, the botanical books housed in the East Tower, adjacent to the general herbarium, bore the greatest semblance of a designed library ; the palaeontological books had reasonable accommodation in one of the smaller galleries, while mineralogical and zoological books were housed in ground floor rooms in the front east and west wings respectively. In igog the Zoology Library was mo\'ed from the south-west corridor, to allow for expansion of the Insect Collection, and was installed in what was called the Fish Reserve Gallery on the western side of the Main Hall where it still remains, spreading spasmodically in diverse directions as necessity demands. It was not until 1967, when the former Insect Gallery was added to the accommodation, that reasonable facilities for readers' tables could be provided. In 1959 the General Library had, at last, been able to move into the new North Block to space specifically constructed for library purposes, the botanical books had moved to the West Tower, mineralogical to the East Tower, and palaeontological books to the old General Library accommodation. 82 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE LIBRARIES 1890. Before starting the work it was necessary to compile a list of all the books and periodicals in every European language likely to contain descriptions of new genera or species of living or extinct animals. The value of this list to B. B. Woodward in his search for essential works can be imagined. Sherborn himself would go through booksellers' Usts at his breakfast table and if he spotted a rarity the Museum Library needed, would immediately telegraph for it on his own account. In this way some- thing like one thousand items were obtained which might otherwise have been missed. Sherborn's achievement, reflected in the Index Animalium, was justly recognised in 1931 when the University of Oxford conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Science, honoris causa. The following figures will give an idea of the number of books which passed into the Libraries during their first twenty years, the critically formative period of their growth. For 1884 : — General Library, 2,114 volumes added during the year, bringing the total number to 12,034 volumes ; Geology, 629 volumes and 302 pamphlets added ; Mineralogy, 305 volumes added ; Zoology, 2,450 volumes added making just over 10,000 in the department. By the year 1900 the census reveals the holdings as : — General Librarv\ 19,395 volumes and 5,569 sheets of maps ; Botanj', 14,980 volumes ; Geology, 9,395 volumes ; Mineralogy, 6,339 volumes, and Zoologv', 17,167 volumes. ^ It is also interesting to recall the prices paid for some of the early acquisitions com- pared with current values. Audubon's elephant folio edition of the Birds of America was purchased in 18S5 from Bernard Ouaritch Ltd. for £285 ; a copy auctioned in London in November 1969 was sold for ;f90,ooo. It was also in June 1885 that Bernard Quaritch was explaining to the Keeper of Zoology that £200, which the Keeper considered excessive, was a fair price for eight volumes, in beautiful fuU leather bindings, of Gould's Birds of Australia ; in 1968 a copy auctioned in London fetched £5,200. Many other examples would show that during the three decades in which these valuable works were bought, prices were at their lowest point. Throughout this period the work of cataloguing had of necessity been centralised in the General Library, the author, title, coUation and date being typed on a flimsy which was then mounted and filed in the central card catalogue. This became a complete record of all works in the museum. In the year 1903 the first volume of the Catalogue of the Books, Manuscripts, Maps and Draicings, comprising the letters A-D, appeared in print. The fifth and final volume of the main catalogue was published in 1915 and the three volumes of the supplement were issued between 1922 and 1940. Throughout, an e.xtremely high standard of accuracy was maintained and it is generally acknowledged to be one of the finest works of its kind. This quality was achieved primarily by the erudition and care devoted to his task by B. B. ^^'oodward, but the proof sheets besides being checked by the compiler, were sent to another member of the staff for examination. Whether by accident or thoughtful design the man selected by the Keepers was Professor F. Jeffery Bell, a zoologist known to be on unfriendly terms with the librarian and one who delighted in picking up any errors or omissions in the catalogue. By such means something akin to perfection was attained. 5 By 1969, the Museum Libraries' holdings had grown to a total of approx. 400,000 \ olumes. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 83 At the end of 1920 B. B. Woodward retired from his post with the satisfactory knowledge that during his forty years service at South Kensington, the hbraries, from such small beginnings, had become one of the foremost collections of books on natural science in the world. He was succeeded by Basil H. Soulsby (1864-1933), who had served in the Department of Printed Books from 1892 until 1909, when he was trans- ferred to the Natural History Museum and employed in the Director's Office until the library vacancy arose. During his nine years as librarian the steady growth continued, his tenure being marked by the compilation of the Catalogue of the Works of Linnaetts in the British Museum . . . published in 1929. His work on this catalogue resulted in the acquisition of a great number of obscure editions of the famous author and on his retirement in January 1930 the Linnean collection in the museum was, ne.xt to that of the University of Uppsala, the most extensive in the world. His successor, Alexander C. Townsend (1905-1964), served from 1930 until his tragic accidental death on the last day of 1964, during which period the regular inflow of books and periodicals continued, interrupted only by the 1939-1945 war and its after- math. His last few years were heartened by the sight of his beloved books installed in the new library with its spacious reading room, a distinct contrast to the old corridor where anyone consulting the card catalogue or opening a bookcase would block the passage. He in turn has been succeeded by Maldwyn J. Rowlands who brings to his new post wide experience obtained in three national scientific libraries. The end of 1968 saw the publication of a much needed List of Serial Publications in the British Museum (N.H.) Library, comprising 1,164 pages of letterpress with some 12,500 titles of journals available in the museum. Mention should be made of the system by which the books in the museum are divided among General, Departmental and Sectional libraries. Books and periodi- cals relating to more than one branch of natural history are held in the General Library, whereas those dealing with a specific branch such as Zoology, Botany etc. are placed in the appropriate departmental library. Since 1948 there has been central- isation of the book purchase grant by which the Museum Librarian is responsible for all purchases although naturally he is guided by the recommendations of the Keepers for works needed by the departments. The departmental libraries are for Botany, Mineralogy, Palaeontology, Zoology and, since 1935, Entomology, when the insect books were removed from the responsibility of the Zoological Department. To greater or lesser extent these departmental libraries are subdivided ; in Botany there are sectional libraries devoted to European flora and Cryptogamic plants ; in Entomology the books on Coleoptera are kept adjacent to the beetle collections, books on Rhopalocera are on the same floor as the butterfly cabinets, and so on. Palaeon- tology has responsibility for a sub-departmental library of works relating to anthro- pology, and Mineralogy for books on chemistry and oceanography. Large collections of topographical, .specialist geophysical and oceanographical maps are found in the General and departmental hbraries. The zoological books are divided into no less than twenty sectional libraries of varying sizes, the smallest contained in three or four bookcases, the largest comprising several thousand volumes. There are points for and against the centralisation of all books but bearing in mind that the libraries are mainly used by the staff, on balance it seems that this method of subdivision is 84 A SHORT HISTORY O I- THE LIBRARIES more convenient, especiaUy as most of the scientific staff and visiting research workers specialise in one particular field and find it invaluable to have the books they wish to consult adjacent to the specimens they are studying The method of classifjnng and shelving books varies in the different departments. The General, Entomological, Palaeontological and Zoological Libraries use, with slight modifications, a system devised by B. B. Woodward about sixty-five years ago and this is sufficiently flexible in most divisions for all the expansion required, and so is found adequate. On the other hand Woodward's original Scheme lacked the finer sub-divisions, but as new knowledge of the phylogeny of living things becomes avail- able, new sub-divisions are introduced in the various classes. The Botanical and Mineralogical Libraries have in recent years changed over to the Universal Decimal Classification. Periodical publications are arranged according to the country of origin, blocks of consecutive numbers having been allotted to the various national divisions of the world. Another of the Museum's services relates to making available an extensive range of serial publications used in the compilation of the Zoological Record. This was founded bv the then Keeper of Zoology in 1864, and was compiled by himself and six others in their spare time. In 1886 the Zoological Society of London assumed responsibility for the issue of future volumes, until 1906, when it was merged with the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. This arrangement broke down with the outbreak of the first World War; the Zoological Society again resumed responsibility for publication and today employs a number of full time staff searching journals and compiling the entries. It is found convenient to perform this work in the museum Ubraries because of the extensive range of serial pubhcations received, despite the fact that the museum does not enjoy any privileges under the Copyright Acts. These accessions are obtained by presentation, purchase and exchange. Current periodicals number over 6,500 and the total number of different journals available for consultation is around 13,200. Parts of journals containing articles on any branch of zoology, including fossil forms, are searched immediately after receipt ; a slip is written, quoting author, title, reference, and the class of animal with which the paper deals, e.g. Aves, Insecta, Vermes, etc. These slips are passed to the specialist Recorders who in due course examine the papers and insert the entries into the appropriate sections of the " Record ". New books are dealt with similarly. In addition, a considerable number of other abstracting and indexing services make use of the Library holdings. The libraries contain a considerable number of unique works in the form of original drawings and manuscripts. Until recently no separate catalogue of these had been compiled. Those preserved in the museum when the History of the Collectiotis was published in 1904 were listed in the section on Libraries. It is now out of print and it seems worth while to republish this list and incorporate details of the numerous collections of drawings and manuscripts acquired during the past sixty-five years. This is now issued as an Appendix to this paper. It is perhaps appropriate in conclusion to mention some of the major and more notable collections by which the libraries were enriched. Arthur Hay, ninth Marquis of Tweeddale {1824-1878), after a distingushcd army career in which he served in IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 85 India and the Crimea retired from active service in 1866 and devoted himself to natural history, mainly ornithology. Twenty years earlier he had been publishing descriptions of new birds from the Indian sub-continent and scientific papers appeared from his pen in unbroken succession until the year of his death in 1878. To facilitate his studies he had amassed over the years a magnificient ornithological library con- taining 2,560 volumes, many of them rare and costly works, and nine years after his death this collection was presented to the Bird Section of the Zoological Department by his nephew. Captain R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay. The next major acquisition was in 1901 when, by Deed of Gift, Lord Walsingham presented his collection of 200,000 specimens of micro-lepidoptera and his hbrary of books relating thereto. Thomas de Grey, sixth Baron Walsingham (1843-1919), had made a life-long study of the micro- lepidoptera and built up a magnificently bound library of more than 1,000 volumes of entomological periodicals and books. The collections were transferred to the museum in the spring of 1911. The year 1905 saw the addition of another sizeable collection of insect books, namely the Fry bequest. Alexander Fry (1821-1905) was an enthusiastic collector of coleoptera which he augmented by large purchases of important collections. His Hbrary of 611 volumes came to the museum as part of the bequest. Three years later C. D. Sherborn (1861-1942) presented to the General Library a valuable collection of specimens of handwriting of naturalists consisting of some 8,000 letters and other documents. This collection has proved invaluable as an aid to the identification of the holograph on collectors' labels. In 1910 Dr. Albert Giinther (1830-1914), a former Keeper of Zoology, presented 146 folios of drawings of Chinese fishes made by native artists, under the direction of John Reeves, in the early part of the nineteenth century. The Botanical Library was enriched in 1913 by the acquisition of 11,325 plates and original drawings of plants collected by Isaac Swainson (1746-1812) during his lifetime, and in the same year four volumes of original drawings made for Pieter Cramer's Papillons Exotiques were purchased for the Entomological Department. The personal copies of the works and memoirs of Sir Richard Owen (1804-1892), containing his autograph notes, drawings and other memoranda were presented to the General Library by his daughter-in-law, Mrs. Emily Owen, in 1915. Two most important collections were received in the Zoological Department in 1921 ; firstly, the library of works on oceanography formed by Sir John Murray (1841-1914) and presented by his son, Mr. J. L. Murray ; the research on the Murray collection of ocean-bottom deposits was carried out in the Mineralogical Department of the museum and in 1941 it was decided to transfer the Murray Library to this department : secondly, a fine collection of books on ornithology made by Captain G. E. Shelley (1840-1910) and presented by his widow. Three major acquisitions came to the museum in 1925 ; 719 volumes of separate works and bound reprints relating to Foraminifera were presented by Edward Heron-Allen (1861-1943), also 100 bound volumes and 1,200 pamphlets on Porifera were presented by Mrs. Ada Dendy, widow of Professor Arthur Dendy {1865-1925). These unique collections on speciaUsed subjects were invaluable for their usefulness to the Sections concerned. The third acquisition in this year comprised a set of 154 original zoological and botanical drawings, many of which constitute the types of the species they represent, painted in Ceylon and the Malay Archipelago by Pieter Cornehs de Bevere during the 86 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE LIBRARIES years 1754-1757 for Joan Gideon Loten, then Dutch Governor of Ceylon. These are preserved in the General Library. It was in 1937 that the most extensive and valuable single library to be acquired was donated to the museum. Lionel Walter, second Baron Rothschild (1868-1937), had founded and maintained a museum of zoology at Tring, Hertfordshire, containing the largest collection of animals ever assembled by one man. The working library of nearlv 30,000 volumes, superbly bound, relating primarily to ornitholog\- and ento- mology, is also especially rich in accounts of early voyages and expeditions. The land, buildings and contents having been willed to the nation, the library has been kept up to date by continuation of the periodical publications and augmented by essential books required by the museum staff working on the collections preserved there. The next large bequest was in 1948 when the zoological books and reprints of Sir Sidney Harmer (1862-1950), a former Director of the museum, were received. His major studies had been on the Polyzoa and Cetacea and his very extensive collections of literature on these subjects were a welcome addition to the study libraries of these two Sections. Scarcely a year passes without some rare or unique works being acquired, also use- ful small collections of books. Examples of these are the Leston collection of more than one hundred volumes of the works of the Rev. J. G. Wood, many being editions not previously represented in the library ; this collection was presented by Mr. Denis Leston in 1958. A few years later, in 1964, the C. T. Trechmann bequest of 242 volumes and a large collection of reprints of papers mainly concerned with the palaeontology' of the West Indies was received. In 1965 a collection of books relating to Mineralogy and containing some comparatively rare works not represented in the Museum library was bequeathed by Sir Arthur Russell (1878-1964). Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen (1878-1967), the well known ornithologist, bequeathed, in 1967, his library comprising 367 volumes of works on birds, together with a most useful collection of 44 boxes of reprints. One of the most important recent additions to the Museum's collections of manu- scripts comes from the library of Dr. Albert C. L. G. Giinther, F.R.S. (1830-1914), one time Keeper of Zoology. These were acquired from his grandson in 1969, and comprise several thousand letters addressed to Dr. Giinther from the year of his arrival in England in 1857 to his death, and includes several hundred manuscripts relating to the period of his Keepership. Finally, in November 1969, an extensive collection of c. 2,500 autograph letters of various eminent naturalists and anti- quarians was acquired, mostly written before 1850 to James Sowerby and his son J. de C. Sowerby, together with autograph notes, drafts and drawings relating to zoological and botanical subjects. The strength of the libraries of the Museum is without question their comprehen- siveness. As has been noted, the Museum has been fortunate enough to be presented with large quantities of valuable material, but this should not detract from the considerable efforts made by the various librarians to obtain rare material as well as current publications. With the e\-er increasing book production throughout the world and the widening interests of the Museum it is no easy feat to acquire even IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 87 the most essential material, let alone aim for the degree of completeness for which the libraries have become world famous. The fact that they still manage to occupy this position is shown by the considerable use librarians throughout the world make of the bimonthly List of Accessions to the Miiseiim Libraries. The accommodation of the books and the staff to look after them was considerably eased by the move of the Botanical and Mineralogical libraries to the west and east towers and by the provision of a purpose built General Library, but the 1970s should witness the greatest develop- ment in library' building the Museum has ever experienced. Two floors of the new north-east block have been allocated for expansion of the General Library and enlarged accommodation for the Zoological Library. The new east block being erected for the Department of Palaeontology will include a completely new library with reading room and map room as well as the usual offices. Thus the coming decade should see the books housed in conditions worthy of them, and it would be as well to remember that it has not been the buildings which have made the libraries what they are today but the numerous members of the public who have presented to the Museum their collections great and small and the Museum and Library staff who over a number of decades have diligently sought and found so much unique material. It remains only to gratefully acknowledge the co-operation and assistance I have received from my former colleagues in the Departmental Libraries, particularly Miss P. L Edwards for additions and amendments relating to the Botanical Library and Mr. A. P. Harvey similarly for Palaeontology. I especially record my thanks to the Chief Librarian, Mr. M. J. Rowlands, for his encouragement and advice in the compilation of the Appendix to this work. LIST OF MANUSCRIPTS AND DRAWINGS ARRANGED UNDER THE NAMES OF AUTHORS, AND OR PREVIOUS OWNERS The initial of the Departmental Library in which the various works are kept is placed after each entry. Items preserved in the General Library are marked (L), those in the Tring Museum (T) and those in the Directorate (D). ABBOT (John) [1751-1840] A collection of original water-colour drawings of the Insects and Plants of Georgia, by J. Abbot, with manuscript descriptions, in 17 volumes, formerly the property of J. Francillon, was purchased in 1818 (Z). Some of these figures have served as types of new species. Two volumes of original drawings of Insects of Georgia and a volume containing 116 water-colour drawings of Birds of Georgia were bequeathed by the second Baron Rothschild in 1937 (E and Z). 148 water-colour drawings of Lepidoptera of Georgia were acquired with the Lord Walsingham collection in 1911 (E). ABBOT (William James Lewis) [1S53-1933] " The Geology of the new Wealden Colossal Gastropods and the life history of the ' Bluestones ' " 1929. Unpublished manuscript (P). 88 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS ABRAHAM (P. S.) MS. list of Anthobranchiate Nudibranchiate Mollusca in the British Museum also a list of these molluscs not in the British Museum (Z). ABREU (E. A. D'.) MS. note-book of Indian birds and reptiles of the Nagpur District, c. 1913 (Z). ACHARIUS (Erik) [1757-1819] 13 original water-colour drawings of plants and the original manuscript of his Monographic der Lichen-Gattung Pyrenula published in 1812 (B). ADAMS (Arthur) [1820-1878] Adams served as Assistant Surgeon and Naturahst on board the Samarang, in 1843-46. 109 water-colour and pen-and-ink sketches of animals made by him during that voyage were presented in 1875 (Z). ADAMS (Lionel Ernest) [1854-1945] MS. catalogue of the Adams collection of Mollusca, presented to the Con- chological Society in 1940 and subsequently donated to the Museum, i vol. (Z). ADKIN (Robert) [1849-1935] One volume of letters relating to entomology, by various correspondents, addressed to R. Adkin, 1896-1917 (E). AGASSIZ (Cecile) [Mrs J. L. R. Agassiz] See BRAUN (Cecile) AGASSIZ (Elizabeth Cabot) [Mrs J. L. R. Agassiz] Autograph letters of Elizabeth (nee Cary) second wife of J. L. R. Agassiz, written while accompanying her husband to Brazil and elsewhere, 1864-1873 (Z). AGASSIZ (Jean Louis Rodolphe) [1807-1873] The Museum possesses a copy of this celebrated ichthyologist's Modele de mes Cadres de Fossiles, annotated in his own writing. This was a privately issued scheme, or table, circulated apparently with the view to obtain co-operation and assistance. The present copy came from the hbrary of John Phillips (P). Two volumes of manuscript notes made by Agassiz when a student at Zurich, 1824-25, were presented in 1951 (L). A pencil portrait, dated 20 January 1835, drawn by his wife is preserved in the Museum (L). A manuscript list of fossil Echinodermata headed " Modele de mes Cadres de Fossiles " (P). AGNEW (J.) Three original water-colour drawings of Mollusca (Z). AGNEW (J.) & LEWIN (J. W.) See LE\\TX (John William) & AGNEW (J.) AGNEW (Thomas) Nine water-colour drawings of leeches, planarians and earthworms, 17S1-1784 (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HIST(JRV) 8g AITON (William) [1731-1793] Alton had charge of the Botanic Gardens at Kew, and in conjunction with Sir J. Banks was instrumental in sending out Francis Masson, the collector {q.v.), some of whose drawings are in the Museum (B). The original drawings for twelve out of the thirteen plates, drawn by various artists, for Alton's Hortiis Keivensis form No. 17 of the Banksian MSS. (B). ALBIN (Eleazar) [fl. 1713-1740] Seven water-colour drawings of fishes (Z) . Two volumes of drawings of insects and flowers (E.) A series of proof plates of A natural history of English insects published in 1720. These run from I-L of the published series, and are continued by 15 unnumbered plates of the published LI-C. Many of the dedications of the plates were apparently altered before publication (E). ALCOCK (Alfred William) [1859-1933] 122 manuscript sheets, " Notes of a Naturalist in Kashmir and the Pamirs ", C.1905, an autobiographical account dated 1926 and 53 original drawings of marine animals published in .-1 naturalist in Indian seas 1902 (Z). ALDER (Joshua) [1792-1867] MS. note-book on the synonyms and localities of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. c. 1835-1864 (Z). ALDER (Joshua) [1792--1867] and NORMAN (Alfred Merle) [1831-191S] Seven volumes containing 1549 autograph letters to and from J. Alder and A. M. Norman, covering the period 1826-1911 were presented in 1937 (L). ALEXANDER (Boyd) Five MS. diaries relating to bird collecting in Africa, 1898-1909 (Z). ALLAN (Robert) MS. Diarv kept by R. Allan during a visit to Sicily, Llparl and the Cyclopean Isles from November to December 1830 (M). ALLAN (Thomas) [1777-1833] Manuscrijit catalogue of his collection of Minerals, 3 vol. After Allan's death his collection was purchased by R. H. Greg and thence passed to his son R. P. Greg {q.v) who added a supplementary volume. This catalogue contains some of the original line drawings pubhshed in Greg & Lettsom Manual of Mineralogy 1858 (M). ALLEN (William Berish) [1875-1922] Collection of correspondence with contemporary Mycologists (B). ALLMAN (William) [1776-1846] Allman held the post of Professor of Botany at Dublin from 1809 to 1844. An autograph MS. entitled " An attempt to illustrate a mathematical connection between the parts of Vegetables," &c. (B) formed part of R. Brown's collection, presented in 1876. It is apparently the original MS. of a paper read before the Royal Society in iSii but not printed by that body : an abstract was privately issued by Allman in 1844. 90 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS AMEGHINO (Carlos) MS. " Catalogue des ossements d'oiseaux fossiles recueillis dans les terrains tertiares de la Patagonie australe pendant les anne6s de 1889 a 1894 " (P). ANDERSON (James) [1797-1842] Anderson accompanied Captain P. P. King in his circumnavigation in the Adventure (1826-30) as botanical collector. A manuscript list of plants collected is preserved in the Museum (B). ANDERSON (William) [1750-1778] Anderson served as surgeon's mate on the second voyage of Captain J. Cook to the Pacific (1772-75), and as naturalist on the third voyage (1776-78). His manu- script notes on the Birds observed on the second voyage, and his descriptions in MS. of the Plants and Animals of the third voyage formed the Banksian MS. No. 81 (B and Z). ANDREWS (Charles William) [1866-1924] Four holograph note-books relating to C. W. Andrews visit to Christmas Island in 1897-98 were presented in 1940. Much of the information was included in his Monograph of Christmas Island 1900, but many details taken on the spot were not incorporated. A collection of 23 letters from Andrews to C. D. Sherborn from Christmas Island and Egj'pt is also presers'ed in the Musuem (L). ANDREWS (Henry C.) [fl. 1794-1830] One water-colour painting of Azalea pontica dated 1796 (B). ANIMALS Descriptions of animals observed on a Voyage to Canton, with original water- colour drawings. 2 vol. This is the MS. cited by Broussonet in his Iihthvologia (1782) under Clupea thrissa (Z). ANIMALS A volume contedning a collection of water-colour drawings of Animals copied from old works on Natural History (Z). For a corresponding collection See PLANTS ANNING (Mary) Miss [1799-1847] Autograph transcripts of three memoirs in the Transactions of the Geological Society, with pencil copies of the accompanying plates, by Miss Mary Anning, the well-known fossil-collector at Lyme Regis and discoverer of Ichthyosaurus, were presented in 1885. Her portrait in oils was presented by Miss Annette Anning in 1935 (PI- ANONYMOUS One original charcoal drawing of Cynocephalus mormon (Z). See also entries under ANIMALS, BASKING SHARK, BIRDS, CEYLON, CHINA, FISHES, HONGKONG, INDIA, INSECTS, JAPAN, LEPIDOPTERA, NEW SOUTH WALES, PLANTS, SWEDEN. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 91 ANSLIJN (Nicolaas) [1777-1838] Afbeeldingen van Nederlandsche Dieren. 2 vol, 1830. 133 litho pis. coloured by hand, with descriptions in manuscript. With these there is a third volume containing 73 original water-colour drawings, apparently designed in continuation of the series (Z). ARBER (Mrs. Agnes) [1879-1960] One volume of miscellaneous drawings and notes (B). ARBER (Edward Alexander Newell) [1870-1918] Proof of text and illustrations of E. A. N. Arber's " Fossil Plants " intended for the Report of the National Antarctic Expedition but not published, also letters thereupon (P). ARCHER (Sir Geoffrey Francis) [1882-1964] Manuscript lists of birds and eggs collected in Somaliland for Lord Rothschild, c. 1921 (Z). ARENDT (J. J. F.) Arendt was a botanical writer, apparently resident at Osnabriick. His auto- graph " Floriferti Osnaburgensis anomali . . . specimen primum, " 1848, is preserved in the Museum (B). ARNOLD (Frederick Henry) [ -1906] Nine MS. notebooks containing Arnold's Flora of Sussex, 2nd edition, 1907 (B). ARNOTT (George Arnold Walker) [1799-1868] Twenty-one volumes of correspondence from contemporary botanists, addressed to Professor Arnott (B). ASHFORD (Charles) [1829-1894] Autograph notebooks, letters, pencil sketches and newspaper cuttings relating to Mollusca (Z). ASHTON of HYDE, Lord [1901- ] Seventy drawings of oriental birds, probably painted in India, c. 1840, by native artists were presented by Lord Ashton in 1957 (Z). ATKINSON (Edward Leicester) [1882-1929] One MS. note-book containing data relating to parasitic Protozoa, and two note- books relating to parasitic Worms, collected during the British Antarctic (' Terra Nova ') Expedition, 1910-13 (Z). AUBLET (Jean Baptiste Christophe Fus6e) [1720-1778] The French botanist Aublet was successively charged with the task of founding botanic gardens in the He de France, Guiana, and San Domingo : he wrote a Hislorie des Plantes de la Guiane Frangoise, and his original drawings for the plates of this work with many unpublished ones, and his manuscript descriptions form the Banksian MSS. Nos. 29, 58, 59 and 60. 610 original drawings of Guiana plants with MS. descriptions form Banksian MS. 92 LIST OK MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS No. 6i, also manuscript descriptions and drawings of Bankia borbonensis and of Bernantonia suaveolens, c. 1776 (B). AUBRIET (Claude) [1665-1743] Six original drawings of plants, 3 in water-colour painted on vellum (B). AUDOUIN (Jean Victor) [1797-1841] MS. and original drawings for part of the author's article on Arachnida in Todds Cyclopaedia, \'ol. i. 1836 (L). AUDUBON (John James) [1785-1851] Framed portrait in oils by Lance Calkin, presented bv Mr. R. W. Oates in 1939 (L). AUSTEN (Henry Haversham Godwin-) [1834-1923] A large collection of manuscript notes, drawings and proof plates relating to Mollusca. The author's own copy of his Land and Freshwater Mollusca of India including annotations, correspondence and extra original drawings are also preserved in the Museum (Z). AUTOGRAPHS Eleven autograph letters and 86 autograph signatures of eminent Naturalists, from the collection of F. \V. Harmer (L). AYLESFORD, Countess of See FINCH (L). BACSTROM (Sigismund) Floras of the Countries visited during Captain James Cook's first Voyage, com- piled by Bacstrom from Solander MSS. Autograph index to the species of the larger genera in Willdenows edition of Linnaeus Sy sterna Plantariim. MS. copy of botanical excursions through Wales by S. Brewer and J. Lightfoot (B). Water-colour drawings of the Greenland Whales, s.sh. 1786 (Z). BADGLEY (W. F.) Three volumes of manuscript and original drawings of the lepidoptera of Assam are preserved in the Museum (E). BAILEY (F. M.) Four volume manuscript catalogue of his collection of birds, also field notes relating to birds of Nepal and adjacent regions, c. 1938 (Z). BAILEY (R. H.) Manuscript notes of Orchids of the Blandford area, 5 ff. 1953 (B). BAIN (Andrew Geddes) [i 797-1864] A collection of hsts of fossils and localities, and copies of letters relating to the Geological Survey of South Africa, 1851-52 (P). BAINES (Thomas) [1820-1875] 155 original water-colour and pencil sketches, being a portion of those made by IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 93 this celebrated African explorer and artist during an expedition to explore the goldfields of Mashonaland, were purchased in 1886 (L). They in part illustrate his book on The Gold Regions of South-eastern Africa, in which he supports the theory that the land of Ophir lay in Mashonaland, and his sketches include one of the old workings near Maghoondas Village, in which district also he notes and depicts natives whose method of wearing their hair strikingly resembles that shown in drawings on Egyptian monuments. Three water-colour drawings and one pencil sketch of mammals were acquired in 1937 as part of the Rothschild bequest (L). BAKER (John Gilbert) [1834-1920] MS. notes on the life and character of Dr. John FothergDl, i vol. MS. note-book of plant records for the Lake District and Yorkshire floras. 1865-82 (B). BALSTON {Mrs. W. E.) Two collections of water-colour drawings of plants, by Mrs. Balston, from Switzerland, Western Australia, South America, Jamaica, South Africa &c., 1880-1913, were presented in 1950 and 1951 (B). BANKS (E.) See ROBINSON (H. C.) & CHASEN (F. N.) BANKS (.?!> Joseph), Bart. [1743-1820] The celebrated Library formed by Sir J. Banks was handed over to the care of the Trustees in 1827. The collection of books was placed in the Printed Book Department, with the exception of 26 works, numbering 149 volumes, chiefly systematic works used in the Herbarium, which were either duplicates or contained manuscript notes, by Solander, Dryander, and Robert Brown, and which, with the MSS., Prints and Drawings, remained in the custody of the Keeper of the Banksian Botanical Collections.^ The manuscripts and drawings included the following important items, many of which are cited in Dryander's Catalogue of the Banksian Library : — Depart- Title Banksian ment number where now kept AiTON (W.) [12 out of the 13 original water-colour draw- ings for Alton's " Hortus Kewensis, " by J. Sowerby, J. F. Miller, F. P. Nodder, G. D. Ehret, and Franz Bauer] 17 B Anderson' (W.) Genera nova Plantarum ... in itinere nostro [i.e. Capt. Cook's third voyage, 1776-78] visa, etc. V B Descriptiones Plantarum, etc. .... Zoologia nova, etc. ...... Characteres breves Avium . . . 1772-73 . AxiMALS. [Descriptions of Animals observed on a Voyage to Canton, with original water-colour drawings.] 2 vol. 84 & 85 Z ' Some of tliese were afterwards transferred to the Department of Manuscripts. B 94 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS B AuBLET (F.) [Manuscript descriptions of Plants collected in French Guiana] ....... 29 [Original pencil drawings for the plates in his Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Frangoise] . . . . 58 to 60 B [60 foil, of original unpublished drawings of Guiana Plants with manuscript descriptions Banks {Sir J.) [Autograph Notes on useful plants] [Various manuscript notes interspersed with Solander's q.v. infra] ........ Copy [by Sarah Sophia Banks] of Journal of a Voj-age to Newfoundland and Labrador ; commencing April seventh, and ending November the 17th 1766 Bartram (J.) [7 autograph letters to Dr. Fothergill (1769-71)] Bartram (W.) [Original MS. of his Travels through . . . Carolina, Georgia, etc.] ...... [102 foU. of descriptions with 53 drawings of the Plants and Animals of Carolina, Georgia, etc.] Bauer (Franz L.) [Original water-colour drawings illus- trating the Germination of WTieat and the Diseases of Corn, with a large miscellaneous series chiefly of the more remarkable Plants that had flowered at the Royal Gar- dens, Kew, of which a further series was presented in 1841] _ Blair (P.) [Copies of Dr. P. Blair's Correspondence, 1725-27] [Manuscript] Catalogue of the . . . Botanical dis- coverys . . . made by Dr. P. Blair, etc. Bobart (J.) The Younger. [Copy by Sir J. Banks of a " Catalogue of Plants sent from Mr. Bobart . . . 1689 "] Bolton (J.) [Original drawings for the plates of his Filices BritanniccB] ....... Brewer (S.) [Manuscript copy by D. Solander of his] Botanical Journey through Wales in . . . 1726 and 1727 Browne (P.) [Autograph MS.] Catalogue of the Plants of the EngUsh Sugar Colonies ..... Buchanan, afterwards Hamilton (F.) Enumeratio Plantarum quas in adeundo civitatem Barmanorum regiam . . . anno 1795 observavit F. Buchanan. [MS. with 53 drawings.] 2 vol ...... Caley (G.) [Autograph Journals of Journeys to New South Wales] ........ [Autograph] Descriptions of Plants of New South Wales ......... 61 23 23 35 94 36 95 70 B B B B B 78 & 79 B B B B B B B B 18 & 19 B B qi B 66 B 76 B IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 95 Castelvetri (G.) [Autograph MS.] Brieve racconto di tutte le Radici ... in Italia, etc. 1614 CiRiLLO (D.) [MS.] Institutiones Botanicae, etc. . [Autograph letter to Brownlow, Earl of Exeter] China. [24 water-colour drawings of Fish by a Chinese artist at Canton] ....... 11 Z [62 water-colour drawings of Chinese Plants, drawn under the superintendence of J. B. Blake, by a native artist] ......... 12 B [220 water-colour drawings of Chinese Plants and Animals, by a native artist.] 2 vol. . . . . 27 & 28 B Colden, afterwards Farquhar (Jane) [Autograph MS.] Flora Nov-Eboracensis, etc. ..... [99] B DiLLENius (J. J.) [Original drawings by himself for pis. i-lxxix of his Historia Ahiscorum] .... 56 B Dryander (J.) [Manuscript Catalogue of the drawings of Animals in the Library of Sir J. Banks] . . . ... Z [Inde.\ to the Species of Plants described and figured ^ by N. J. von Jacquin in his MSS.] . . . . ... > B Massonii Flora Maderensis. [Autograph MS.] . • ■ ■ J DuRAND (P.) De quibusdam Zoophitis quae in sinu Gibraltarico reperiuntur, etc. .... [102] B Ehret (G. D.) [65 original water-colour drawings of Plants from the collection of Sir R. More] ... 16 B [Original drawings of Rare Plants, Fruits and Seeds.] / [106 to "\ „ 4 vol. . . . . . . . . . ^_ 109] J [17 original drawings of Plants collected by Banks in Newfoundland] . . . . . . . ... B Ellis (W. W.) [115 original water-colour drawings of Animals made during Capt. J. Cook's third voyage, 1776-78] also two plants ...... 33 Z and B FoRSTER (J. G. A.) [261 foil, of original water-colour and pencil drawings of Animals made during Capt. Cook's second voyage, 1772-75.] 2 vol. . . . . 6 & 7 Z [Original water-colour and pencil drawings of Plants made during Capt. J. Cook's second voyage.] 2 vol. . 8 & 9 B Gerard (J.) [MS. copy of his] Catalogus Arborum . . . ac Plantarum ... in horto J. Gerardi . . . nascentium . . . 1596 89 B HousTOUN (W.) [Autograph] Catalogus Plantarum in America observatarum ...... 67 B [Autograph MS.] Plantae observatse circa Kingston ") in . . . Jamaica, et Havanam in . . . Cuba [Autograph MS.] Nova Plantarum Americanarum genera, etc. ........ 68 B 96 LIST OF MSS. AND UKIGINAL DRAWINGS 69 22 B 131015 B [Autograph MS.] Plantae circa Veram Crucem " observatae ........ [Autograph MS.] Nova Plantarum genera India. [MS.] Declara9ao das Aruores . . . Plantas . . .e Eruas vartuozas . . . seruem para se aphcar a varias doen9as declaradas pellos fizicos deste Anjenga . . . 1750 [228 water-colour drawings wth manuscript descriptions] India [559 water-colour drawings of Bengal Plants, painted by native artists, with their native and occasion- ally also the Linnean names. 3 vol. .... Jacquin (N. J. von) Autograph notes and letters addressed to J. Dryander, with sketches and water- colour drawings ....... Johnson (T.) Iter Plantarum investigationis ergo sus- ceptam ... in agrum Cantianum . . . 1629 1632. [Both in S. Dale's handwriting] . KONIG (J. G.) [Autograph journals of his voyages, with Usts and descriptions of East Indian (including Siam and Malacca) Plants, Animals and a few Minerals.] 21 vol. . L'Heritier de Brutelle (C. L.) [51 autograph letters to J. Dryander. 1785 to 1790] LiGHTFOOT (J.) [Transcript by Bacstrom of his] Journal of a botanical excursion in Wales. [1775] Lind (J.) A Catalogue of such Chinese and Japanese plants whose Chinese characters are known and are botanicaUy described, &c. ....... LiNNvEUS (C.) Forelasningar ofver Djur-riket . . . 1748 uppteknade of L. Montin . Fundamenta botanica . . . 1748 Vaxt-riket . . . 1746-48 Sten-riket . . . 1747 Diaten . . . 1748-49 LouREiRO (J. de) [Autograph MS.] Nova genera Plan- tarum in Cochin China sponte nascentium, etc. . . 93 M., R. [MS.] List of the different sorts of Grain, &c., cul- tivated in the Tanjore country [with 15 water-colour drawings by a native artist] ..... 97 Martyn (J.) and (T.) [Correspondence] . . . [103] Masson (F.) [54 water-colour drawings of Plants, 9 of "\ Animals, and 2 views of Niagara] . . -J Monte Bolca. [8 foil, of rough water-colour sketches of fossil Plants, and 12 of fossil Fish from Monte Bolca] . [114] Montin (L.) [Autograph.] Beskrifning ofver en resa . . . til Lapska fjallarne ifvan LuleS. stad .... 83 B 96 B 37 to 55 B [lOl] B 86 B B 71 Z 7-2 B 73 B 74 M 75 B { B B B P B IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 97 New South Wales [70 water-colour drawings of Animals and Plants made near Port Jackson, some of which were used in drawing the plates for J. White's " Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales "]. These have been erroneously attributed to Thomas Watling who did not arrive in the Colon}' until 1792 ; J. White's Journal was published in London in 1790 ..... Park (Mungo) [20 water-colour drawings of Fish from the coast of Sumatra with manuscript descriptions of six species. 1792] ....... Parkinson (S.) [40 water-colour drawings of Animals taken from specimens or drawings executed in India by order of J. G. Loten, and forming the originals of some of the figures in Pennant's Indian Zoology, and Quadrupeds] [Original water-colour drawings of Plants and Animals made during Capt. J. Cook's first voyage, 1768-71 ; with finished drawings by T. Burgis, J. Cleve- ley, Jas. Miller, J. F. Miller and F. P. Nodder, made from the incomplete sketches.] 21 vol. .... Petiver (J.) [73 rough water-colour drawings of Cape Plants, copied from Sloane MS. 5286 .... Plants. [124 rough coloured drawings of Plants, seem- ingly from old woodcuts] ...... [418 foil, rough water-colour drawings of Plants and some Animals, with their names in Greek and Latin] Plumier (C.) [312 copies of water-colour and pen-and-ink drawings of Plants, many of which were published in his various works.] 5 vol. ...... Pulteney (R.) [MS.] Flora Malabarica, etc. [Autograph MS.] A Catalogue of Plants spontane- ously growing about Loughborough, etc. Robinson (Sir T.) [MS. copy by Banks of] A catalogue of Plants observed in several parts of Wales in 1689 Rome. [MS.] Flora ruderata Romana, etc. . Seyffert (H. C.) Icones Fungorum, etc. [133 original water-colour drawings] ...... Sherard (W.) [Autograph Notes and Observations on the first two volumes of Ray's Historia Plantariim] SoLANDER (D. C.) [An extensive series of MSS. including notes and descriptions of Animals and Plants observed during the voyage with Banks to the South Pacific, and to Iceland, as well as indexes and lists compiled in con- nection with his curatorship of Banks' Collections and Library, and manj' of them containing notes in Sir J. Banks' handwriting ....... 34 88 62 63 I to 5 26 90 94 [100] 65 80 Z B 18 vol. Z 3 vol. B B B B B B B B BandZ 98 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS SowERBY (J.) [103 foil, of original drawings for No. 2-4 of Dickson's Fasciculus Plantarum Cryplogamarum Britannia;'] ........ 21 B Stephens (W.) Catalogus Plantarum in Horto Dublin- iensi. [MS. which, after p. 41, is in Stephens's own hand- writing] ......... 92 B Sweden. [192 original water-colour drawings on 24 pis. of Swedish Moths, Caterpillars and Spiders] ... 87 E TiLLi (M. A.) [Autograph MS.] Specimen Plantarum quae in Horto Medico Sapientiae Pisanae locisque finitimis extant. 1713-30 ..... [m] B TouRNEFORT (J. P. de) Catalogue des Plantes que M. P. de Tournefort trouva dans ses Voyages d'Espagne et de Portugal copie de I'original, etc. .... 82 B Young (W.) A Natural History of Plants, containing the production of North and South Carolina, etc. [302 water-colour drawings with manuscript, index and dedication] . . ...... 24 and 25 B MS. list in an unknown hand of bird skins in Banks' Col- lection, from the second and third voyages of James Cook, and from Labrador &c. 4 Pt. ? 1780 . . Z In 1876, a transcript, by the daughters of Mr. Dawson Turner, of the original Journal kept by Sir J. Banks during his voyage with Capt. J. Cook, 1768-71, was transferred to the Botanical Department. The original, which had been deposited with the MSS. Department to become the property of the Trustees on the death of Lady KnatchbuU, was subsequently claimed and removed by Lord Brabourne, by whom it was sold in 1S86 for £7 2s. 6d. The journal was afterwards printed from a transcript of the Dawson Turner copy, edited by Sir J. D. Hooker and published in 1896. Transcripts by the same hands of Banks' correspondence were transferred with the Journal and are now bound in 21 volumes. In 1895 a copy by Miss S. S. Banks of the journal, kept by Sir Joseph Banks during his voyage to Newfoundland and Labrador in 1766, was acquired (B). A manuscript book of weights of Bank's friends and acquaintances, alphabetically arranged with entries dating from 1778-1814 is preserved (B). BANNERMAN (David Armitage) [1886- ] One MS. note-book on the birds and ornithological literature of the Eastern Polynesian Islands, and, in conjunction with Willoughby P. Lowe, a manuscript Ust of birds, with ecological notes, collected in Tunisia, 1925 (Z). BARRIERS (M. J.) nee SNABILlfi [1776-1838] Two sheets of water-colour drawings of insects and flowers (E). BARBUT (Jacques) 12 coloured plates, 8 coloured original drawings and 23 original pencU drawings, mostly of molluscous animals. 1 782-1 788 (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 99 BARCLAY (Arthur) [1852-1891] A collection of original drawings, outline and coloured, of Indian plants, also note- books and manuscript material relating mainly to Indian Uredineae (B). BARCLAY (George) [fl. 1835-1841] Barclay accompanied Capt, Belcher as botanical collector on board the Sulphur (1S36-41). His autograph journal of the voyage is preserved in the Museum (B). BARLA (Josef Hieronymus Jean Baptiste) [1817-1896] Manuscript " Catalogue des Champignons observes aux environs de Nice, suivant le Systema de Fries " (B). BARNARD (J.) [fl. 1800] Two original drawings of Cercopithecus cynomolgus, one coloured (Z). BARNES (H. E.) [1848-1896] MS. catalogue of his collection of Indian birds' eggs and skins, i vol., and mniuiscript notes on these, i vol. (Z). BARRELIERUS (Jacobus) A manuscript entitled " Barrelieri iconum Consensio cum Linnaei Sistemate " &c. c. 1810 (B). BARTHOLOMEW (Valentine) [1799-1879] Flower Painter in Ordinary to Queen Victoria. The Museum possesses one water-colour drawing of a flower by this artist (B). Other examples of his work are in the Victoria & Albert Museum. BARTRAM (John Tavenier) [1811-1889] A transcription of a manuscript in the library of the Bermuda Biological Station on the birds of Mullet Bay, Bermuda, c. 1864 (Z). BARTRAM (William) [1739-1828] Wilham Bartram, son of the botanist, John Bartram [1701-1777] (seven of whose letters to Dr. Fothergill form the Banksian MS. no. 23), travelled in 1773 at the request of Dr. Fothergill through the southern portions of the United States, and the original manuscript of his Travels llirough . . . Carolina, Georgia, etc., and a volume of 102 fols, containing 53 original drawings, with manuscript descrip- tions of the Plants and Animals of those districts, form the Banksian MSS. no. 23, 78, and 79 (B). BASKING SHARK 34 sheets of miscellaneous drawings of the Basking Shark captured at Brighton in 1812, and of other animals, with MS. notes, a handbill and a printed description of the Basking Shark. Presented by J. Whitehead Esq., in 1915 (Z). BASSEPORTE (Madeleine Francoise) [1701-1780] Miniature painter to the King of France and teacher of drawing to the daughters of Louis XV. The Museum possesses one water-colour drawing of a botanical subject by this artist (B). BATE (Charles Spence) [1818-1889] Notes on Boring MoUusca, dated April 1849. An original manuscript with loo LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS water-colour drawings, of a paper read at the British Association meeting 1849, of which an abstract only was printed in the Report, also a number of original draw- ings of Crustacea (Z). BATE (Dorothea Minola Alice) [1879-1951] Correspondence and note-books relating to the Bethlehem excavations in 1935, also an original coloured portrait, by her sister, Mrs. Cuddington (P). BATES (George Latimer) [1863-1940] Portfolio of original drawings (78 pieces) for Handbook of the Birds of West Africa, 1930 also drawings (8 pieces), apparently not published, by H. Gronvold. Two volumes of manuscript notes on the birds of West Africa. A considerable quantity of manuscript notes and the typescript of Bates' book on the Birds of Arabia. A duplicate typescript of this was presented to the Museum in 1957 with the Mein- ertzhagen bequest (also some manuscript lists of birds' eggs, 1904-1915) (Z). A collection of 12 autograph letters from G. L. Bates to W. E. De Winton, 1896-1900 (L). BATES (Henry Walter) [1825-1892] Two MS. note-books of H. W. Bates relating to the insect fauna of the Amazon Valley with original drawings, pencilled and coloured, 1851-1859 (E). BATHER (Francis Arthur) [1863-1934] Keeper of the Geological Department 1924-1928. Numerous manuscript note- books, drawings and photographs, also original sketches illustrating papers on Cephalopod and Crinoid morphology, 1892 (P). BATTERS (Edward Arthur Lionel) MS. Bibliography of British Algology. i vol. (B). BAUER (Ferdinand Lucas) [1760-1826] F. L. Bauer, who accomj)anied Robert Brown on Flinders' voyage to Australia, brought back a series of water-colour drawings of the Plants and Animals observed. 49 of his drawings of Animals (Z) and 203 of Plants (B) were presented by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty in 1843, and two portfolios of his drawings were bequeathed in 1858 by Robert Brown (B). His original drawings for some of his plates to A. B. Lambert's Genus Finns and Genus Cinchona are preserved in the Museum. A manuscript list of sketches of Plants and Animals made during the voyage of H.M.S. Investigator and subsequently at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island, i vol. c. 1814 (B). BAUER (Franz Andreas) [1758-1840] F. A. Bauer was employed by Sir Joseph Banks in making drawings of Plants in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, the work being continued after Sir Joseph's death under the special provisions contained in his wiU, until the decease of Bauer. His drawings illustrating the Germination of Wheat and the Diseases of Corn, with many others, were included in the Banksian Collection, and came to the Museum in 1827 ; but the extensive series of the drawings made at Kew after Banks' death and bequeathed to H.M. George IV, was presented to the Museum in 1841 by H.M. Oueen Victoria (B). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) loi His original drawings for the plates to Sir VV. J. Hooker's Genera Filiciim, and other works with 127 drawings of British Orchids, and some illustrating the form and structure of various parts of Plants, are preserved in the Museum (B). Other drawings of his were purchased in 1879 (B), while some illustrative of microscopic anatomy, done for Sir E. Home, were given in 1893 by the executors of Sir R. Owen, in whose collection of drawings they are (L). One of the 25 copies of vol. i of A. B. Lambert's Genus Piniis, coloured by him, is in the Museum (B). BEAVAN (R. C.) MS. catalogue of birds collected in the Maunbhoom district (Chota Nagpore) in 1864, presented in 1938 (Z). BECK (Richard) Forty-one original water-colour drawings of Acari, ca. 1862 and igi8 (Z). BEDDOME (Richard Henry) [1830-1911] A collection of original pencil drawings including the originals for his Icones plantanim, 1874. (B) BEDFORD (Edward John) 371 water-colour drawings from nature of British orchids, 1920-1921, were bequeathed by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild in 1923 (B). Some of these were issued in the Postcard Series. BELL (Alfred) [1835-1925] Manuscript lists of Fossils (animals and plants) recorded from the Pliocene to the Holocene deposits of the British Isles, with illustrations, 7 vols. (P). BELL (E.) Miss zy^i original drawings of caterpillars and pupae of moths (E). BELL (Thomas) [1792-16 A number of unpublished plates intended for T. Bell's Monograph of the Testudinata are preserved with the Museum copy of this work (Z). See also DARWIN (C. R.) BELL (Thomas Reid Davys) [1863-1948] Manuscript and typescript journal, from 1884 to 1948, of T. R. D. Bell, with a MS. index from 1884-1910. 66 volumes (E). BELLERBY (William) [1852-1936] 18 sheets of original drawings of Mosses, made by W. Bellerby (B). BELT (Thomas) [1832-1878] 180 letters addressed by various correspondents to Thomas Belt, author of The Naturalist in Nicaragua. 1864-1878. (L), also MS. notes with diagrams on the Thames VaUey gravels (P). BENBOW (John) [1821-1908] One manuscript volume on the Flora of Uxbridgc and district, 1884-1887 (B). I02 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS BENNETT (Arthur) [1843-1929] 5 MS. note-books on the genus Potamogeton Manuscript notes and lists of Norfolk Plants, post 1872, 3 vol. (B). BENNETT (John Joseph) [1801-1876] Appointed assistant to Robert Brown when the Banksian Herbarium was trans- ferred to the British Museum in 1827, Bennett succeeded Brown as Keeper of the Botanical Department in 1858. Brown had bequeathed to him a number of books and MSS., which remained in the Department and were presented to the Trustees in 1876 by Mrs. Bennett (B). The original pencil drawings by J. and C. Curtis for Bennett and Brown's Planta Javanica rariores, with proof engravings and hand-coloured proofs after letters of the plates are preserved (B). BENNETT (John Whitchurch) Original drawings for the plates of Bennett's FisJics found on the Coast of Ceylon, 1830. 30 sh. col. (Z). BENTINCK {Lady W.) 57 water-colour drawings of birds from the Himalava Mountains in the collection of Lady W. Bentinck. 1833 (Z). BERJEAU (C.) One mounted original water-colour drawing of the sandy tube dwelhngs of the marine worm Sahellaria spinulosa c. igo8 (Z). BERKELEY (Miles Joseph) [1803-1889] Berkeley, the distinguished mycologist, presented in 1876 530 original water- colour drawings. A considerable number were done for various Publications on English Fungi. (B). A series of his letters to C. E. Broome was bequeathed with the latter's corre- spondence in 1886 (B). Berkeley's own correspondence was presented in 1890 also some manuscripts and notes on fungi (B). BERNARDI (A. C.) [ -1863] 34 holograph letters (1851-61) of A. C. Bernardi, with a list of shells supplied, to G. van Koch. The volume also contains letters S-c from H. Cuming, \V. Dunker, M. T. Landauer, and E. Rosmer (Z). BEROLDINGEN (Franz Colestin, Baron von) [1740-1798] MS. catalogue of his collection of Minerals purchased by the Museum in 1816. 2 vol. (M). BERRY (Andrew) [c. 1766- ] An original water-colour drawing of an Indian palm with autograph description, sent to Sir Joseph Banks in 1808 (B). BEVERE (P. C. de) See LOTEN (J. G.) BEWSHER {Mrs. C. W. W.) 22 paintings of Mauritius plants, c. 1880 (B). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 103 BICKNELL (Clarence) [1842-1918] A collection of autograph letters written by Bicknell to the Baroness Helene von Taube during the period igog-1914 (B). BINGHAM (L. F.) MS. catalogue of the Bingham Collection of Minerals and Fossils made between 1839 and 1884, purchased by the Trustees in 1914 (P). BIRCH (Roger) Commander R. N. [ -1940] 18 water-colour drawings of fishes from the Maldives and Siam, c. 1934 (Z). BIRDS One volume containing 45 water-colour drawings of Indian birds, c. 1790 (T). BIRDS Raccolta di Uccelli, fatta da Giovanni da Udine. 82 leaves with 135 water- colour drawings of birds c. 1580. MS. title page, probably of 17th century, ascribes the drawings to Giovanni da Udine, but this ascription may be incorrect, vide Stresemann, 1914, Novit. Zool. 21 : 20 (Z). BIRDS 14 water-colour drawings of Birds from G. R. Gray's collection, i vol. (Z). BIRDS 75 drawings of Birds, probably painted in India by native artists. I vol. c. 1840 (Z). BIRDS Typescript of projected book on the migration of birds, c. 1930 (Z). BLACKMORE (William) [1826-1878] A collection of statistics, newspaper cuttings, reprints and MS. notes on the American bison gathered by W. Blackmore for a monograph on the subject (Z). BLAIR (Kenneth Gloyne) [1882-1952] See HOPKINS (Barbara) BLAIR (Patrick) [fl. 1706-1728] Copies of the correspondence and a " Catalogue of the discoveries . . . made by Dr. P. Blair, " botanist and surgeon, form the Banksian MS., No. 35 (B). BLAKE (Lady Edith) 195 coloured drawings of Jamaican Lepidoptera, in their different life stages with their food plants, were presented in 1926 (E). BLAKE (John Bradby) [1745-1773] Sent out in 1766 to Canton as one of the Hon. East India Company's super- cargoes, Blake devoted himself to Natural Science. A volume of drawings of Chinese Plants made under his superintendence by a native artist form the Banksian MS., No. 12. (B). BLAKE, U.S.S. Manuscript descriptions of the bottom deposits obtained by the " Blake " off I04 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS the eastern coast of the United States during 1875-1880 are preserved in the Murray Library (M). BLOMFIELD (James Edward) [1856- ] Manuscriirt, photographs and drawings of tree galls. 14 albums c. 1910-1914 (B). BLOOM (J. Harvey) Note-book containing a record of cryptogams collected in the Micklehani, Surrey area, 1922-1933 (B), and one note-book containing records of Arachnids iS:c. taken at Whitchurch and elsewhere, 1902-1909 (Z). BLOSSOM H.M.S. See SMYTH (W.) Mate of H.M.S. Blossom. BLOXAM (Andrew) [1801-1878] Bloxam went as naturahst on the Blonde in 1824-25, and on his return entered the church, becoming Rector of Twycross, in Leicestershire, and afterwards of Harborough Magna, in Warudckshire. His manuscript notes on the Cellular Cryptograms of Leicestershire, and his Correspondence (forming I vol.), were presented by his son in 1878 (B). At a later date his natural history notes made during the voyage of the Blonde and correspondence concerning them, from A. Newton, were acquired (L). BOBART (Jacob) the Younger [1641-1719] MS. copy, by Sir J. Banks, of a "Catalogue of Plants sent from Mr. Bobart " 1689. An interleaved and much annotated copy of Caspar Baulin's Pinax, 1623 (B). BOISDUVAL (Jean Baptiste Alphonse DechaufTour de) [1801-1879] Original water-colour drawings for Faune entomologiqiie de Madagascar, Bourbon et Maurice. Lepidopteres, &c. Paris, 1833 (E). BOLTON 4//i Baron Sec ORDE-POWLETT (W. T.) BOLTON (James) [fl. 1775 1795] The self-taught naturalist of Halifax, Yorks., J. Bolton etched the illustrations for his own works. His original drawings for the plates of his Filices Britannicae form the Banksian MS., No. 36 (B). 25 original water-colour drawings of fungi, executed 1788-1794, were purchased in 1892 (B). 50 original water-colour drawings of flowers from nature, made 1785-87, were purchased in 1894 and a further seven were acquired at a later date (B). BOLTON (Thomas) Portfolio of drawings and descriptions of living organisms 1879-1884 (L). BOND (Elizabeth) 45 sheets of water-colour drawings of English wild flowers, 1914-1929, 36 sheets of drawings of North American wild flowers, 1886-1912 (B). IN THli BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTDRY) 105 BONHOTE (John James Lewis) [1875-1922] MS. list of wild ducks kept and bred at the Fen Ditton Aviaries, 1900-1912. 2 vol. (Z). BORN (Ignaz von) Baron [1742-1794] Manuscript catalogue of the Born collection of Minerals. This collection was acquired by the Rt. Hon. Charles Greville [1749-1809] and with other collections was purchased for the Museum in 1810 (M). BOTANICAL CABINET About 1,800 original water-colour drawings made for Vol. 1-18 of Loddiges Botanical Cabinet, by W. Miller, T. Boys, E. W. Cooke, J. P. Heath, G. Loddiges and others, 14 vol. 1817-1834. A further collection of loi original drawings used in this work was purchased in 1940 (B). BOTANICAL SOCIETY [of London] The manuscript of the " Proceedings ", 1724-26, of this Society, which was a distinct Society from the later one bearing the same name (1836-57), is preserved in the Museum (B). BOURGUIGNAT (Jules Ren6) [1829-1892] MS. catalogue of Bourguignat's works, probablv compiled by J. Saunders, 1899 (Z). BOWDICH afterwards Lee (Sarah) [1791-1856] Author's proof copy of The Freshwater fishes of Great Britain, 1828-37, with some MS. corrections. The plates consist of original water-colour drawings, many signed by the author (Z). BOWELL (Ernest W. W.) One MS. note-book on radulae, 1916-1920 (Z). BOWER (T. H. Bowyer) 2 MS. note-books on birds collected in north and north-west Australia circa 1886. The notes were used by G. M. Mathews in his papers on the birds of this region of Australia, published in the South Australian Ornithologist, Vol. 2, 1915-16 (Z). BOWIE (James) [c. 1789-1869] see CUNNINGHAM (James) BOWLES (Edward Augustus) [1865-1954] A collection of water-colour drawings of plants, mainlv of Crocus species, 1895-1908 (B). BOYCOTT (Arthur Edwin) [1877-1938] Correspondence, udte-books and files concerning Professor Boycott's lifelong interest in the Mollusca are preserved in the Museum (Z). BRADY (Sir Antonio) [1811-1881] A collection of letters addressed to Sir A. Brady relating chiefly to his collection of Pleistocene Vertebrata. i vol. 1858-1874 (P). BRADY (George Stewardson) [1832-1921] Fourteen original drawings of Porcupine Crustacea (Z). io6 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS BRADY (Henry Bowman) [1835-1891] Brady made a special study of the Foraminifera. A copy of Soldani's rare work, Testaceographiw ac Zoophytographice parv Frederick John) [1860-1929] One manuscript volume containing notes on the wild life of East Africa and Uganda, 1908-1917. A catalogue of his East African bird collection in 11 volumes. One typescript catalogue of birds, birds' eggs, butterflies, beetles and other insects collected in East Africa (Z). JACOBS (S. N. A.) A collection of water-colour drawings of moths, to illustrate papers by the author which appeared in the Pmc. Trans. S. Land. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. I944-I955(E) JACQUIN (Nicholaus Joseph von), Baron [1727-1817] Jacquin, who was a Botanist of note, corresponded with Dryander. His auto- graph notes and letters, with sketches and water-colour drawings, were included in the Banksian Collection (B). JAMIESON (B. G. M.) Unpublished typescript dissertation on taxonomic studies of the Ocnerodrilinae and the Pareudrilinae genus Stithlmannia. 2 vol. 1959 (Z). JAN MAYEN, S.5. MS. records of meteorological and other observations made during 1865 and 1868 in the North Atlantic are preserved in the Murray Library (M). JANISCH (Carl) [1825-1900] 14 plates, numbered 1-6, 9, 11, 15-16, ig-22, being a part of Janisch's un- published Report on the Diatoms of the Gazelle Expedition, 1874-76. The plates are accompanied by MS. notes and a list by F. B. Taylor, and also by a list apparently in the handwriting of F. Kitten, c. i88g (B). JAPAN 20 sheets of water-colour drawings, by a Japanese hand, of insects, reptiles &c. c. 1840 (L). JAPAN 54 water-colour drawings of beetles by a native artist, 19th century (E). JARDINE {Sir William) [1800-1S74] Manuscript notes, letters, original drawings, proof sheets, and other material of this prolific author. Some of this relates to the Naturalists Library ; it also includes the manuscript of the English edition of A. Wilson's American Ornithology (Z). One volume of letters, many bearing well-known signatures, all under the date 1852, was presented to the Museum in 1920 (L). JELLY (Eliza Catherine) Miss MS. note-book on Polyzoa with tracings of plates by the compiler, photographs by " Mr. Waters " and sketches of cells "in violet ink by Mr. Busk " (Z). 146 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS JENKINSON ( ) 35 drawings, mostly in pencil, of the anatomy of Peclen, Ostrea and other :Mo11uscs. With MS. notes (Z). JENSEN (Fritz) 43 pencil drawings, with manuscript explanations, of the vegetation of Lifu. Loyalty Island, made in 1876 by F. Jensen, were purchased (B). JERDON (Archibald) [1819-1874] Manuscript " List of Hymenomycetes fungi found at Mossburnford, Rox- burghshire " (B). JESSON (Thomas) Manuscript catalogue of his Cambridge Greensand collection purchased in 1893 (P). JEUDE (Lith de) An original drawing of Gibbon condre (Z). JOHANN BAPTIST JOSEF FABIAN SEBASTIAN Archduke of Austria [1782-1859] Joannes Archdux Austriae icones Plantarum Alpestrium Austria. 51 tabulae ineditae. 1S07 seqq. (B). JOHN {Rev. C.) Additional observations on snakes. MS. of a paper read before the Linnean Society of London on 3rd March 1807 but not printed in the Transactions. The manuscript was sent to Dr. W. Roxburgh in 1804 by the Rev. Dr. John who was then in Tranquebar, Madras (Z). JOHN (C. S.) Letters to William Roxburgh, i vol. (Phillipps MSS. No. 19520) (B). JOHN MURRAY EXPEDITION The John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, 1933-1934 in H.E.M.S. " Mabahiss " was under the leadership of Lt. Colonel R. B. Seymour Sewell. His manuscript station records, log books, charts &x. were presented to the Museum in 1961 (Z). JOHNSON (Christopher) [1782-1866] Two volumes of letters from G. A. W. Arnott and other contemporary botanists (B). JOHNSON (Henry) [1823-1885] Manuscript notes made by Dr. F. A. Bather when reporting on the Johnson Collection in 1913 (P). JOHNSON (Theo) " Illustrations of British Entomology ". 3 volumes containing 102 hand draw n and coloured plates with accompanying text in manuscript, 1889. 18 water- colour drawings of insects and their food plants (E). " Our aquatic Flora ". 45 plates witli text. The plates are original water- colour drawings (B). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 147 26 hand coloured drawings of birds were acquired with the Rothschild bequest in 1937 (T). JOHNSON (Thomas) [ -1644] The Botanist and Apothecary, T. Johnson, became a prominent member of the Apothecaries' Company. The Society was in the habit of making botanical excursions, and Johnson published accounts of the results of their expeditions into Kent and to Hampstead Heath. Manuscripts by S. Dale of these, the earliest local Floras known, form the Banksian MS. No. 96 (B). JONES (Thomas Rupert) [1819-1911] Original drawings of fossil Ostracoda together with some manuscript notes, i vol. A manuscript catalogue of the Rupert Jones collection of fossils was presented by Lady Prestwich in 1896 (P). JOOSTEN (D. J. H.) [ -1882] One water-colour drawing of Tulipa Gessneriana (E). JORDAN (David Starr) [1851-1931] 13 autograph letters from D. S. Jordan to A. Giinther, 18S4-1913, are preserved in the Giinther Collection (L). JUDD (John Wesley), C.B. [1840-1916] In 1897, Dr. Judd presented three photographic facsimiles of maps and of a table by W. Smith (P). JUSTEN (Frederick) [1832-1906] In addition to many minor presentations at various times, Mr. Justen gave in 1890 a copy of the rare and \aluable Salidiim Woburnense (B), and in 1896, three volumes containing notes and descriptions, with a few drawings, of Peruvian Plants by A. Mathews (B). KANNEMEYER (Danniel Roussouw) A collection of his correspondence with H. G. Seeley concerning the South Africa Fossil Reptilia, 1891-1905, i vol. (P). KAUP (Johann Jacob) [1803-1873] Kaup was Inspector of the " Naturaliencabinet " at Darmstadt. His original drawings for the illustrations to his Catalogue of Apodal Fish in the . . . British Museum, 1856, are preserved in the Museum (Z). Water-colours by him, chiefly of fossil vertebrata remains, are in the Owen Collection (L) and Geological Collection of drawings (P). KEENAN (John) 21 sheets of original water-colour drawings of orchids (B). KELAART (Edward Frederick) [1819-1860] A manuscript note-book and a series of sketches of invertebrate animals of Ceylon were presented to the Museum by Miss F. Kelaart in 1913 and 1925. Some of these drawings were reproduced in a paper on the nudibranchs of Ceylon, by Sir Charles EHot, pubUshed in the Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1906 : 636-691 (Z). 148 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS KELLER (Johann Christoph) [1737-1792] Four water-colour botantical drawings dated 1756-1760 (B). KELLY (Chloe E. Talbot) [1927- ] Two water-colour paintings of birds were presented in 1961 (Z). KEMPTER (J.) One water-colour drawing of an Orang-Utan, 1905 (Z). KENNEDY (Norman B.) MS. list of birds and mammals from Manipur, 1945-46 (Z). KENNEL (Julius von) [1854-1939] Original water-colour drawings of " Die Palaearktischen Tortriciden " published in Zoologica, Stuttgart Heft 54 1908-16 (E). KENT (William Saville) [1845-1908] A manuscript catalogue of corals, which comprises a close translation of H. Milne Edwards Histoire natiirelle des Corailiaires, with the addition of new species, also notes and sketches of water mites (Z). KENT'S CAVERN COLLECTION Manuscript list of specimens of fossils (P). KERR (William) [ -1814] A Botanical Collector sent out to China by Sir Joseph Banks, Kerr, afterwards Superintendent of the Botanical Gardens, Ceylon, visited the Philippines. His autograph journal of a " Botanical Mission to the Island of Luconia in . . . 1805 " is in the Museum (B). KEULEMANS (John Gerrard) [1842-1912] Many original water-colour drawings of birds by this artist, also the full set of his pattern plates to G. E. Shelley's Monograph of the Sun-Birds (Z). 29 framed drawings of birds and 4 volumes of the original drawings for Sir Walter BuUer's History of the Birds of New Zealand were acquired with the Rothschild bequest (T), also 7 water-colour drawings of mammals (Z). Four framed paintings of birds, two in oils and two in water-colour are pre- served in the Bird Section (Z) . KING (William) [fl. 1753-1767] 35 water-colour drawings of plants, some painted on vellum (B). KINNEAR {Sir Norman Boyd) [1882-1957] For many years in charge of the Bird Section in the Museum and Director 1947-1950. A considerable quantity of his manuscript notes and correspondence, including his unfinished " Biographies of Indian Ornithologists ", was presented by Lady Kinnear (Z). A holograph Journal of a Whaling Voyage in S.Y. Scotia to the (ireenland Seas ill iqo7 was presented in 1947 (L). KIRBY (William) [1759-1850] Two MSS. of the Rev. W. Kirby, the entomologist and joint author with W. Spence of the famous Introduction to Entomology, are in the Collection : an IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 149 autograph MS. entitled " Museum Entomologicum Barhamense. Pars prima sistens Insecta M. Britanniae indigenae, " which was presented with their col- lections in 1863 by the Entomological Society, and a manuscript catalogue of British Staphylinidae in 3 vol. presented by Dr. J. E. Gray in 1869 (E). KISCH (B. S.) [1882-1961] A quantity of correspondence and notes relating to Mollusca of south-western France, 1950-1961 (Z). KLUYVES (N.) One water-colour drawing of Varaniis komodnensis, 1926 (Z). KNAUTH (Bernhard) 2,000 original coloured drawings of European fungi were purchased in 1938 (B). KNAUTH (Walter) 107 original coloured drawings of Riissida were presented in 1939 (B). KNIGHT (Horace) 384 original water-colour drawings of Acronycta and Caja. One volume of water-colour drawings of insect larvae and copies (made by Knight) of Carl Plotz's unpubhshed drawings of Hesperidae, 16 pis. 1886 (E). KNIGHT ERRANT, H.M.S. MS. descriptions of soundings, list of Foraminifera and rough book on cruise made off northern Scotland in 1880 are preserved in the Murray Library (M). KNOX (M.) 382 original coloured drawings of fungi were presented in 1954 (B). KNOWLTON (Thomas) [1692-1782] Ivnowlton began life as Superintendent of Dr. Sherard's garden at Eltham, and in 172S entered the service of Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, at Lanes- borough, Yorks. He attained eminence as a botanist, and corresponded with many noted contemporaries, including S. Brewer. Knowlton's letters to Brewer between 1728 and 1741. i vol. (B). KOCH (Albert Carl) Manuscript catalogue of remains of the Mastodon now in the British Museum. Probably relates to remains offered for sale at J. C. & S. Stevens auction rooms in London on 23rd Nov. 1843 (P). KOENIG (Carl Dietrich Eberhard) [1774-1851] Keeper of the Mineral Department from its inception in 1837 until his death in 1851. Some of his manuscript is preserved in the Department including his diary covering the period 1816-1817, 1819-1827, a manuscript catalogue of the General Mineral Collection in 1809, 2 vol. and notes on letters written between 1830-35 and 1839-40 (M). Si.x of his autograph note-books, covering the period 1816-1840 are deposited in the Palaeontological Library (P). KOHTS (Alexander Eric) See MOSCOW. — Museum Darwinianum ijo LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS KONIG (C. D. E.) See KOENIG (Carl Dietrich Eberhard) K0NIG (Johan Gerhard) [i 728-1785] Konig, a Danish Medical Missionary in Tranquebar, kept journals of his voyages with lists and descriptions of East Indian (including Siam and Malacca) Plants, Animals, and Minerals. These form the Banksian MSS., No. 37-55 (B). An Enghsh translation of such portions as relate to the Straits Settlements appeared in the Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc. Xos. 26 and 27 (1894). KREBS (Henry) Manuscript notes from which this author's West Indian Marine Shells, 1864, was compiled are preserved in the Museum (Z). KOUWENHOVEN (G. van) Two water-colour drawings of flowers (E). KREFFT (Johann Ludwig Gerhard) [1830-1881] Curator of the Australian Museum, Sydney, 1861-1874. A series of his auto- graph letters addressed to A. Giinther, 1861-1877, are preserved in the Giinther Collection. Some of these deal with his dismissal from his post and subsequent action for redress (L). KUHN (K.) One original water-colour drawing of a cassowar\' (Z). KUHNERT (VVilhelm) [1S65-1926] Three oil colour paintings of mammals. Bequeathed by Sir WilUam Garstin in 1925 (Z). LACAITA (Charles Carmichael) [1853-1933] Correspondence, c. 1925-1931, is preser\'ed in the Museum (B). L'ADMIRAL (Jakob) [1699-1770] Seven sheets of water-colour drawings of insects and spiders (E). One sheet depicting Phrynus reniformis and Gastracantha arcuata (Z). LAESTADIUS (Lars Levi) [1800-1861] Manuscript notes in Latin on a collection of Willows. ])p. 16, 1836 (B). LAISHLEY (Richard) [1815-c. 1890] One volume of water-colour and pencil drawings illustrating the natural history of New Zealand together with a manuscript entitled " Gleanings of Natural History in New Zealand " (Z), also a note-book containing extracts copied from R. Laishley's autobiography (L). LAMBERT (Aylmer Bourke) [1761-1842] In 1S41. Lambert presented a copj' of Cramer's Papillons exotiqties, formerly the property of H. Seymer, by whom it had been annotated and some of the i)lates re-touched (E). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 151 At the sale of Lambert's library in 1842 the Museum acquired the MSS. of H. Ruiz Lopez and J. Pavon relating to their botanical exploration of Peru and Chili in 1777-88, and including the journal of the voyage and description of plants (B). The original drawings by Ferdinand L. Bauer for some of the plates to Lambert's Genus Finns, with one of the 25 copies of vol. i, coloured by Franz A. Bauer, are preserved (B). LANDAUER (M. T.) See BERNARDI (A. C.) LANDBECK (Christian L.) 54 original water-colour drawings of the birds of VViirtenberg, c. 1833-34. ^^' queathed by Lord Rothschild in 1937 (T). LANG (William Dickson) [1S78-1966] Keeper of the Department of Geology, 1928-38. Some manuscript material and 18 bo.xes of correspondence are preserved in the Museum (P). LANGMEAD (L. B.) MS. register of a collection of British Mollusca. 1951 (Z). LANGTON (Herbert) [1853-1923] Two box files of MS. notes on birds, including six note-books containing deriva- tions of ornithological names and terms. These were presented in 1923 (Z). LANKESTER (Sir Edvt'in Ray) [1847-1929] Edwin Ray Lankester was appointed Director of the British Museum (Natural History) in October 1898. Almost immediately he was in conflict with the Director of the British Museum, Sir Edward Maunde Thompson, on the question of his subordination to the authority of the Director of the parent Museum. This and other disagreements led to Lankester's compulsory retirement in 1907. Documents and press cuttings relating to these matters are preserved in the Museum (L.) LATHAM (Ann) Daughter of the well known eighteenth century ornithologist John Latham ; the Museum possesses a number of original water-colour drawings of birds by this artist (Z). LATHAM (John) [1740-1837] A collection of 888 original water-colour drawings of birds, some of which are signed by A. Latham, T. Davies, Lord Stanley, and J. Abbot ; also a MS. sketch of the museum at Dartford in Kent, belonging to Dr. Latham, 1795 (Z). LA TOUCHE (Thomas Henry Digges) Typescript catalogue of the Palaeozoic Fossils in the Museum of the Ludlow Natural History Society, 1928. The collection was purchased in 1947 (P). LAWRANCE (Mary) [fl. 1790-1831] Three water-colour drawings of plants dated 1794 and 1796 (B). 152 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS LAYARD (Edgar Leopold) [1825-1900] 44 sheets of water-colour drawings of insect larvae and imagines, and of fishes from Cej-lon all apparently made by Layard c. 1844 (E). LEACH (John) 50 water-colour drawings of Erica 1790 (B). LEACH (William Elford) [1790-1836] One pen and ink drawing of a crustacean (Z). LEARMONTH (Walter Livingstone-) .-1 cruise in the Arctic. 1888. Reproduction of MS. journal, with mounted photographs in 2 volumes. Davis' Straits and Baffin's Bay. 1889. Reproduction of MS. Journal, with mounted photographs and newspaper cuttings. 2 volumes (Z). LEE (Ann), Miss [fl. 1769-1779] Ann Lee, daughter of James Lee, of Hammersmith, the Horticulturist, was an excellent flower-painter. 19 water-colour drawings by her, mostly on vellum, illustrating the genus Mesemhryanthenuim, are preserved in the Museum (B). LEE (Charles) In 1884, 87 water-colour drawings of Cape Plants by F. Masson (B) were pre- sented by C. Lee, nephew of the foregoing. LEEDS (Alfred Nicholson) One note-book of the contents of his museum in the holograph of Henry Wood- ward, 1890. Various notes and lists relating to his collection (P). LEGGE (William Vincent) Six autograph letters addressed to J. H. Gurney between ist June, 1877 and 27th February 1878 (L). LEICESTER Earl of See COKE (Thomas William) Earl of Leicester LEIGH (Miss D. Austen-) A collection of original coloured drawings of British fungi (B). LEPIDOPTERA 936 sheets of original water-colour drawings consisting of 269 of larvae of British butterflies and moths, 62 of microlepidoptera and 605 of the eggs of British lepidoptera, 1895-1905 (E). LEPIDOPTERA One hundred figures of diurnal lepidoptera prepared by scale transference [Lepidochromy] with the bodies of the insects painted in. From the collection of Dr. Sariziat, ante 1S97 (E). LEWIN (John William) [1770-1819] & AGNEW (J.) A collection of 511 water-colour drawings of British land, fresh and salt-water shells made between 1786 and 1818. Some of the drawings were used by G. Montagu in his Testacea Britannica (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 153 LEWIN (Thomas W.) 75 water-colour drawings of Birds by Levvin form part of the Hardwicke Collection of drawings (Z). LEWIS (Richard T.) 123 original water-colour drawings of Insects and Ticks (E). L'HfiRITIER DE BRUTELLE (Charles Louis) [1748-1800] A series of 51 autograph letters from L'Heriticr de Brutelle, one of the most celebrated French Botanists of his time, to Dryander, forms the Banksian MS., No. loi (B). LHUYD (Edward) [1660-1709] Edwardi Luidii. . . . Lithophylacii Britannici Ichnographia. Being the true cutts of every species of fossils in Mr. Luids collection now reposited in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, with their several names transcribed from the Catalogue kept in the press with them December ix. 1722, i vol. This is an incom- plete set of plates with MS. descriptions from the printed work of 1699 (P). LIGHTFOOT (John) [1735-1788] The Rev. J. Lightfoot, some time Librarian and Chaplain to the Duchess of Portland, and the author of Flora Scotica, kept a journal of a botanical excur- sion made in Wales in 1775, of which a transcript by S. Bacstrom forms the Banksian MS., No. 86 (B). LILFORD Lord See POWYS (Thomas Lyttelton) 4th Baron of Lilford LIND (James) [1736-1812] The Scottish physician J. Lind, visited China in 1766, and accompanied Banks on his voyage to Iceland in 1772 ; he subsequently became physician to the Royal Household at Windsor. A holograph " Catalogue of such Chinese and Japanese Plants whose Chinese characters are known and are botanically described ; being an Index to find there [sic] Chinese characters in Kempfer's Amaenitates exoticae, " &c., 17S9, addressed to Sir Joseph Banks formed part of the Banksian Collection (B). LINDLEY (John) [1799-1865] An early autograph draft by the celebrated Botanist Lindley for his " Natural System of Botany " is preserved in the Museum, also 16 autograph letters, 1829 to 1832, addressed to William Hutton relating to their joint pubUcation of the fossil flora of Great Britain. 74 water-colour drawings of plants, by Lindley, were purchased in 1897 (B). LINN£ (Carl von) [1707-1778] A series of lectures delivered by the great Swedish Naturalist between 1746 and 1749, and written down by L. Montin, form the Banksian MSS., No. 71-75 (B M Z). An album of holograph letters, portraits &c. relating to Linnaeus is preserved in the Museum (L). 154 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS LINNEAN SYSTEM zq sheets of pencil and water-colour drawings of plants drawn by an ancestor of Mrs. F. M. Miles and classified according to the Linnean System. Probably early 19th century (B). LINTON (Edward Francis) [1848-1928] A collection of manuscript notes relating to the genus Salix (B). LISTER (Gulielma) Miss [1860-1949] Five boxes of original coloured drawings of Mycetozoa arranged in alphabetical order of genera. 221 original coloured drawings for plates in her publications on the Mycetozoa. 29 notebooks containing original drawings and manuscript notes of fungi, mosses, lichens, algae, mycetozoa, insects and mites. Two notebooks of original drawings and notes on hepatic mosses. One notebook of original drawings and notes on dissections of amphibia, reptiles, birds &c. One notebook of original drawings and notes on dissections of snails, worms mammals &c. (B). A collection of nine sketch-books containing water-colour drawings, mounted photographs &c. of birds, with some MS. notes, c. 1903-1936 (Z). LISTER (Joseph Jackson) [1857-1927] Six volumes of manuscript laboratory notebooks mainly concerned with re- searches on Foraminifera during the period 1S92-1909 were presented as part of the E. Heron-Allen collection in 1925, also the original autograph MS. and notes upon the reproduction processes of Polystomella crispa. This imfinished work was completed by E. Heron-Allen and published in 1930 (Z). LISTER (Martin) [1638-1712] Copies of M. Lister's De Cochleis and Historia Conchyliorum, annotated by the author, Sir Hans Sloane and James Petiver, are preserved in the Museum (Z). LITTLEDALE (H. A. P.) Diary and papers relating to his egg collection made in Southern Africa 1906- 1911 (Z). LOAT (W. Leonard S.) 71 original water-colour drawings and pencil sketches, used in the preparation of Anderson, J. Zoology of Egypt, Vol. 3, " The fishes of the Nile " by G. A. Boulenger, 1899-1901 (Z). LOCKHEAD (William) [ -1815] Lockhead was curator of the St. Vincent Botanic Garden. 19 of his original drawings of West Indian Plants are preserved in the Museum (B). LOCKET (G. H.) & MILLIDGE (A. F.) Five volumes of original drawings for the RAY SOCIETY publication on British Spiders, 1951-53 (Z). LODDIGES (Conrad) [1738 -1826] See BOTANICAL CABINET IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 155 LODDIGES (George) [1784-1846] Ten manuscript note-books containing remarks on humming birds, 1826-1845 (Z). George Loddiges seems to have been the actual editor of all the scientific pub- lications bearing the name Conrad Loddiges & Sons. See also BOTANICAL CABINET LODER (Gerald Walter Erskine), 1st Baron Wakehursl [1861-1936] Manuscript " Bibliography of Rhododendrons " 1910 (B). LODGE (George E.) [i860 1954] A large collection of pencil sketches of animals and some plants together with his manuscript and typescript notes are preserved in the Museum (Z). Five framed water-colour drawings of birds were acquired as part of the Rothschild bequest (T). LONSDALE (William) [1794-1871] Lonsdale, who was some time Curator and Librarian to the Geological Society, made a special study of Fossil Corals. His unpublished autograph, " Report on some Fossil Zoantharia collected by Sir C. Lyell ... in Madeira and the Islet of Baxio during 1854, " is preserved in the Museum (P). LOO (Pieter van) [1731-1784] Four water-colour drawings of flowers (E). LOTEN (Joan Gideon) [1710-1789] A collection of 154 coloured drawings of Birds, Mammals, Insects and Plants, painted from life for J. G. Loten, Dutch Governor of Ceylon, 1752-1757, by P. C. de Bevere, in Ceylon and the Malay Archipelago 1754-1757 (L). LOUREIRO (Joao de) [1715-1796] The Portuguese Jesuit Loureiro, who travelled in Indo-China, and wrote a Flora CochinchineHsis, sent to England original descriptions of the new genera, that form the Banksian MS., No. 93 (B). LOWE (Percy R.) [1870-1948) One volume of manuscript check lists of Birds collected during the second cruise of the S.Y. " Zenaida " October 1906 to June 1907, and the third cruise, No\embcr 1907 to April 1908, also a collection of manuscript notes dealing with the anatomy and myology of birds to.gether with original figures of some of his published works (Z). LOWE (Richard Thomas) [1803 1874] A collection of manuscripts relating to fishes and invertebrates of Maderia 1850-1861 (Z). LOWE (Willoughby P.) See BANNERMAN (D. A.) LUDLOW (F.) Ten manuscript note-books containing field notes of birds collected mainlv in Tibet (Z). 156 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS LUMSDEN (Phyllida) Original water-colour drawings and pen and ink sketches of birds, published in J. D. Macdonald's Birds of Britain 1949 (Z). LYNES (Hubert) [1874-1942] Thirty-three note-books relating to his bird collecting trips in Europe and Africa, 19 10-1936 (Z). LYSAGHT (Averil Margaret), Miss Typescript preliminary guide to literature dealing with zoology of Captain James Cook's ist, 2nd, and 3rd voyages. Compiled 1951 (Z). M. (E. M.) Fishes (and other marine animals) at the Andaman Islands, 1868-71 by E.M.M. 19 sh. of water-colour drawings (Z). MABILLE (Paul) [1835-1923] 35 original water-colour drawings of butterflies. Some of these are the originals of Mabille's types published in GRANDIDIER (A.) Hist, pliys. nut. pol. de Madagascar 18 & ig, 1885-87 (E.). M'BAIN (James) Manuscript " Supplementary remarks on Fossil Trees of Craigleith " 1874 (P). MACONACHIE (Sir Richard) [1885- ] Manuscript notes on birds by Sir R. Maconachie, who was H.M. Minister at Kabul 1930-1935, used by Hugh Whistler in his Ornithology of Afghanistan published in the J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 1944 (Z). McCONNEL (F. V.) [1868-1914] MS. account of a journey into the interior of Guyana in 1894. 2 vol. (Z). MACDONALD (Gulielmo Rio) MS. Index Plantarum in usum Societatis Pharmaceuticae Londinensis, 1835 (B) MacGILLIVRAY (John) [1822-1867] Autograph catalogue of Radiata and Molluscs collected during voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake 1846-1850 (Z). MacGILLIVRAY (William) [1796-1852] 213 of the original water-colour drawings of British Animals (13 Mammals, 122 Birds, and 78 Fish) executed between 1831 and 1841 by the celebrated Natural- ist, W. MacGillivray, who was noted for the care and fidelity of his drawings, were presented in 1892 by his son P. H. MacGillivray (Z). McINTOSH (William Carmichael) [1838-1931] A volume of manuscript notes and sketches relating to Annelids. The notes are in several autographs and probably include those of G. Johnston and W. Baird, as well as those of W. C. Mcintosh. 36 of the original drawings used to illustrate A Monograph of the British Annelids, 1873-1900 are also preserved in the Museum (Z). These drawings are by Mcintosh's sister, Roberta Mcintosh, who married Dr. Albert Giinther in 1868 (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 157 McKEAN (H.) of Croydon Manuscript account, with some inserted photographs, of the Mollusca of Surrey, 1877-1886 (Z). McLACHLAN (Robert) [1837-1904] 65 original drawings and pattern plates for the author's Monographic revision and synopsis of the Trichoptera of the Enropean Fauna, 1874-1880 (E). MACONOCHIE (Alexander) [1787-1860] Capt. Maconochie, R.N., Lieut-Governor of Norfolk Island, gave to R. Brown a series of autograph " Reports on Norfolk Island, " containing natural history observations (B). MADDEN {Sir Frederic) [1801-1873] Correspondence with W. Roscoe on the subject of the Holkham Catalogue. 1820-30 (B). MAHLER (P.) Two oil paintings of mammals and one of a bird (Z). MAINLAND (Alice M.) Geographical index to figures of Diatoms contained in books and pamphlets of the Adams Collection in the Department of Botany, ff. 1-708, 1932, also an alpha- betical index, 2 vol. 1934 (B). MAITLAND (Lorna) 71 water-colour paper mosaics of West Australian flowers, 1959 (L). MAITRE DE DANZIG AUX INITIALES S.N. 20 original drawings of molluscs and crustaceans (Z). MAJOR (Charles Immanuel Forsyth) [1843-1923] A manuscript catalogue of fossil Rodentia, 1905, and various papers (P). See also PARIS (Charles) MANCHESTER CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Manuscript records of Mollusca found in Lancashire 1888-1890. i vol. (Z). MANN (J.) See FISCHER von ROESLERSTAMM (J. E.) MANTELL (Gideon Algernon) [1790-1852] One volume of letters from Mantell on " Telerpeton " &c., other letters from Duff, Lyell and Murchison, all addressed to Captain Lambart Brickenden, 1848-1858. MS. catalogue of the Mantell Collection of Fossils (P). See also SMITH (M. H.) Mrs. MAPLESTONE (C. M.) Two original pencil sketches of plates published in the author's paper on Polyzoa which appeared in Records of the Australian Museum 8, 1911 : ii8-iig, pis. 34 & 35 (Z). 158 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MARTIN (WUliam) [1767-1810] A manuscript list of specimens figured in Martin's Petrificala Derhiensia preserved in the Museum, compiled by C. D. Sherborn, 1890 (P). MARTINI (Bartolommeo) Martini was author of a Caialogus Plantarum a me in itinere mantis Baldi inventarum, pubUshed in 1707. The manuscript of a further work by him dated 1715, entitled Catalogo al fassiculo di Monte Bcddo delle Piante naturali, is in the Museum (B). MARTYN (John) [1699-1768], and (Thomas) [1735-1825] A series of the autograph letters of these Botanists form the Banksian MS. No. 103 (B). MARTYN (Thomas) Draughtsman [fl. 1760-1816] 88 sheets of water-colour drawings and coloured proof plates of Shells, made for the Universal Conchologist. These are probably in part original, in part trial or rejected drawings (Z). MASON (Kenneth) and CAVE (Francis O.) Manuscript notes on birds collected in 1926 on an expedition into the Shaksgan Valley and the Aghil Range which lie near the frontier between Kashmir and Chinese Turkestan (Z). MASSEE (George Edward) [1850-1917] Some drawings of Fungi were presented in 1888 by Mr. Massee, formerly Principal Assistant, Royal Gardens, Kew. 1,036 of his water-colour drawings of Fungi were purchased in 1892 (B). MASSON (Francis) [1741-1805] The first botanical collector sent out from Kew Gardens was F. Masson, who travelled in South Africa, the Canaries, Azores, Madeira, the West Indies and North America. 54 of his water-colour drawings of Plants made on these expeditions and a further series of 87 of his water-colour drawings of Plants were presented by Mr. C. Lee in 1885. i vol. (B). MASSON (P. W.) Manuscript list of timber specimens collected by P. W. Masson, 1901 (B). MATHEWS (Andrew) [ -1841] Some notes with a few pencil drawings of Peruvian Plants by the Botanical collector, A. Mathews, forming 3 volumes, were presented by his daughters in 1896 (B), also a holograph letter to G. Loddiges dated October nth 1835, containing coloured sketches of two South American humming birds (Z). MATTHEWS (Leonard Harrison) [1910- ] Sixty-seven water-colour sketches (Heads and Feet) of South Georgian Birds, made on the " Discovery Expedition " 1927-29 (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 159 MAUND (Benjamin) [1790-1864] B. Maund combined in his person the callings of chemist, botanist, bookseller, printer and publisher of The Butanic Garden. 1,248 water-colour drawings of ornamental flowering plants, originals of the illustrations in The Botanic Garden 1825-1851, were presented in 1882 by Miss Sarah Maund. The artists were E. D. Smith, the Misses E. and S. Maund and others (B). MAYER (F. Shaw) Four pen and ink sketches of cassowaries, with MS. notes 1930-1933 (Z). MEADE-WALDO (E. G. B.) See WALDO (E. G. B. Meade-) MEDENBACH DE ROOIJ (A. B.) One \olume of unpublished manuscript descriptions of Californian Noctuidae, c. 1.S75 (E). MEDICO-BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON MS. account of members' subscriptions, list of officers and members, minutes of meetings 1821-1831, Law Book of the Society, 1823 and Catalogue of the Herbar- ium, 1824-28 (B). MEDLYCOTT {Sir William Coles Paget) [1831-1887] Water-colour drawings and pencil sketches of animals of Malta, together with manuscript notes in 16 volumes, also 3 volumes of drawings and sketches of birds and fishes of North America, 1857-1862 (Z). A collection of sketches and water-colour drawings of plants of Malta, 1853-1R57, were presented in 1957 and 256 drawings of Canadian plants, 1868-1885 (B). MEEN (Margaret) [fl. 1775-1824] An English flower painter in water-colours in the second half of the iSth century, her works appeared in the Royal Academy from 1775-1785. There is one example of her work in the Museum (B). MEIGEN (Johann Wilhelm) [1764-1845] Numerous original water-colour drawings of Diptera also a number of pen-and-ink drawings (E). MEIKLEJOHN (R. F.) Si.x manuscript field note-books, concerned with egg collecting in Algeria, Crete, Greece, Russia and Switzerland in the period 1919-1939 (Z). MEINERTZHAGEN (Richard) [1878-1967] A manuscript catalogue of his bird collection with ecological notes on birds, 42 vols. (Z). MENZIES (Archibald) [1754-1842] Naturalist and Surgeon on Captain George Vancouver's voyage to the Pacific and North West America, 1790-95. Some of his manuscript notes on mammals and birds are preserved. 8 ff. (L). i6o LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MERIAN (Maria Sibylla) [1647-1717] Two water-colour drawings of flowers painted on vellum (E). METZ (Gertraud) [1746- ] 55 original water-colour botanical drawings made from plants in Kew Gardens and James Lee's gardens at Hammersmith 1755-1779 (B). MEYER (Henry Leonard) [ -1864] A pencil sketch of H. L. Meyer, author of Coloured illustrations of British birds and their eggs, probably by his wife Mary Anne, was presented in 1961 (Z). MEYRICK (Edward) [1854-1938] A collection of his line drawings and water-colour paintings of Micro-Lepidoptera was presented in 1938 and some manuscript descriptions of this group of insects in 1955 (E). MICHAEL (Albert Davidson) [1S36-1927] 3 volumes of original drawings of Oribatidae, Acari, and Gamasidae. Many of these drawings were published in Linnean Society and Microscopical Society journals. The original water-colour drawings of the author's monograph on the British Tyroglyphidae are also preserved in the Museum (Z). MIERS (John) [1789-1879] The engineer and botanist, J. Miers spent many years in South America. His MSS. including " A Catalogue of the Woods of Brazil " and original drawings of South American Plants and their dissections, as well as the works used and annotated by him, were presented by J. W. Miers in 1879 and 1880 (B). MILLER (Gerrit Smith) Jr. [1869- ] Manuscript catalogue of the bird skin collection of G. S. Miller, 1884-1893, 6 vol. (Z). MILLER (John), otherwise MULLER (Johann Sebastian) [1715 ?-i790 ?] Miiller, the draughtsman and engraver, came to England in 1744, and was always known after 1760 as John Miller. He published and projected several illustrated works dealing with Plants and Insects. " A series of 928 drawings (in water-colour) of the leaves, stalks and ramifica- tions of Plants. . . . executed for the Earl of Bute, in the years 1783-84, " in 5 vols, was purchased in 1880, also 27 original drawings in a manuscript work by the 3rd Earl of Bute entitled " Tabular Distribution of the Vegetable Kingdom, " 1783 (B). MILLER (John Frederick) [fl. 1775-1796] The son of John Miller (or Miiller). He and his brother James were employed by Banks in making finished drawings from S. Parkinson's sketches of the plants collected during Cook's first voyage round the world ; these are preserved with the Parkinson drawings to which they refer. He also accompanied Banks in 1772 to Iceland as botanical artist. 25 original water-colour drawings and sketches, 1772-1776 (B). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) l6l MILLETT (Fortescue William) [1833-1915] Manuscript extracts and notes, drawings and tracings relating to the Foramini- fera, also the original drawings and correspondence concerning his Foraminifera of the Malay Archipelago 1898-1904 and The Shore Sands of Misaki, Japan c. 1904 (Z). MITCHELL (James) [1786-1844] A collection of manuscript observations on flints in the U.K., and three volumes of manuscript notes of geological excursions (P). MIVART (St. George) [1827-1900] A collection of his autograph letters is contained in the A. Giinther Collection, also one letter in the Sowerby Collection, filed with William Sowerby Testimonial (L). MOHR (Paul) P. Mohr collected numerous fossils, chiefly from Germany and France, which were purchased in 1848. A manuscript catalogue of these is preserved (P). MOLD (F. R.) Water-colour drawings of mammals made for the postcard series issued by the Museum, 1925 (Z). MOLENGRAAFF (Gustaaf Adolf Frederik) See NEWTON (Richard Bullen) MONTAGU (George) [1755-1815] Author of many memoirs on the birds and shells of the south of England. His major zoological works were his Ornithological Dictionary and Testacea Britannica. A manuscript note-book of Colonel Montagu covering the period 1796-1798 and miscellaneous family MSS. including his will (L). MONTE BOLCA 8 foil, of rough water-colour sketches of fossil Plants, and 12 of fossil Fish from Monte Bolca. Banksian MS. No. 114 (P). MONTICELLI (Teodoro) [1759-1S46] A manuscript list of his collection of Vesuvian minerals and lavas, in the auto- graph of N. CoveHi (M). MONTIN (Lars) [1722-1785] Certain of Linnaeus' lectures delivered between 1746 and 1749, and written down by his pupil L. Montin, form the Banksian MSS. No. 71-75 (B, M, Z), while the journal Montin kept on a journey he made in 1749 to Lapland forms the Bank- sian MS. No. 83 (B). MOON (Alexander) [ -1825] ^j original water-colour drawings by A. Moon, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Ceylon, with autograph descriptions of Ceylon Plants, are preserved in the Museum (B). iftj LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MOON (Maley de C.) Mrs. 46 water-colour drawings of sugar canes from New Caledonia, 1869-1870 were presented by Lady Anne Barkly in 1917. Descriptions of these canes were pub- lished in J. Caldwell's Report on New Caledonia ?i870. Also by this artist there are 12 water-colour drawings of Mangoes grown in Mauritius, 1845-1846 (B). MOORE (Spencer le Marchant) [1850-1931] One sheet of original drawings illustrating resemblances between certain insects & arachnids and Euphorbiaceous seeds, c. 1879 and manuscript notes made on his Matto Grosso expedition, 1891-1892 (B). MORANDI (Giambattistia) Morandi, Knight, of Milan, was author of an Historia Bolanica Practica, etc., 1744 : a manuscript draft for this work, said to be in his handwriting, entitled, " Erudimenta Botanica," etc., and illustrated by 133 plates of his original draw- ings, is preserved (B). MORGAN (Robert) [1863-1900] 50 original drawings (published) and 13 (unpublished) of Potamogetons for the work of A. Fryer and A. Bennett The Potamogetons [Pond Weeds) of the British Isles 1898-1915 (B). MORLEY (Claude) A typescript catalogue of his natural history collection, dated 1946, and an album of signatures of early 20th century entomologists (E). MORRIS (John) [1810-1886] A collection of letters referring to the Morris Collection of British Fossils. 1886 (P). MORRIS (Stanley) A long series of note-books containing observations and occurrences in natural history with indexes, covering the period 1887-1942 ; these were presented by Mrs. Morris in 1945 (E). MORRISON (A.) Four note-books giving details of localities of his collection of South American and Chinese birds (Z). MORSE (Mrs. Hosea B.) 152 water-colour drawings of North American wild flowers, 1890-190S (B). MORTON (George Highfield) [1826-1900] A manuscript catalogue of Upper and Lower Palaeozoic Fossils, 1885. 2 vol. (P) MOSCOW — Museum Darwinianum A collection of photographs of paintings, sculptures &c., in the Darwin Museum, Moscow, made under the supervision of Dr. Alexander Eric Kohts, 1958 (L). MOSELEY (Harriet), Miss [H. 1836-1867] 1,922 original water-colour drawings of British Plants, by Miss Moseley, were purchased in 1886 (B). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 163 MOSELEY (Henry Nottidge) [1844-1891] Moseley was one of the members of the scientific staff of the Challenger. His autograph journal of natural history observations made during the voyage was presented by him in 1883 (Z). MOSS (A. Miles) Five sheets of water-colour drawings of larvae of South American lepidoptera, 1912-1945, also a number of letters over the period 1908-1933, from H. I. Thouless to the Rev. A. Miles Moss. One volume of original drawings of Sphingidae, c. 1912 (E). Five water-colour drawings of South American plants, c. 1935 (B). MOURITZ (Leofwyn Beresford) [1888-1915] Two manuscript note-books relating to the ornithology of Southern Rhodesia (Z). MULLER (J.) afterwards MILLER See MILLER (John) MUMFORD (A. A.) Two letters, dated February 1917, addressed to Sir Lazarus Fletcher, containing biographical details of John Abbot (L). MUNFORD (George) [1795-1871] MS. note-book on natural history, 1854-57, and a volume of miscellaneous notes on Pliny's Natural History, 1847-51, were presented in 1955 (L). MUNT (Henry) Catalogue of eggs in the collection of H. Munt, purchased by Lord Rothschild in 1926 and bequeathed with the Tring Museum in 1937, 3 vol. (Z). MURPHY (Robert Cushman) [1887- ] Typescript hst of the birds in the Tring Museum in 1932. In that year Lord Rothschild transferred ownership of the whole of this vast collection of birds to the American Museum of Natural History, with the exception of the mounted collec- tion and the skins of the family Struthionidae ; this list shows the extent of the collection so transferred. 5 vol. (Z). MURRAY (Sir John) [1841-1914] One of the naturahsts on board the " Challenger " during the scientific expedi- tion, 1873-1876 ; he later superintended the publication of the scientific results. His very fine library of works relating to Zoology and Oceanography was presented to the Museum by his son, Mr. J. L. Murray, in 1921. Included in this is his autograph diary kept during the voyage. An album containing the portraits and autographs of the contributors to the Challenger Reports, presented to Sir J. Murray in 1896, is also preserved in the Museum (M). A series of autograph letters addressed to A. Giinther, 1883-1911, is preserved in the Giinther Collection (L). See also CHALLENGER, H.M.S. i64 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS MURRAY (Captain William) [1791- ] 35 line drawings of fishes, made from specimens taken in the rivers Narbudda and Dhamora. C.P. India (Z). MYERS (J. G.) One fihng box containing data cards of skins and eggs of birds (Z). MYRMIDON, H.M.S. MS. Hst of soundings taken by H.M.S. " Myrmidon " off the north coast of Australia in 1887 (M). NATURALIST'S LIBRARY See JARDINE {Sir William) NEILL (J.) Neill, who was Deputy Assistant Commissary-General of Albany, King George's Sound, Western Australia, made, at the suggestion of Governor Grey, water-colour drawings of the Vertebrata of the district. 67 of these, some of which illustrate and are referred to in Eyre's Journals of Expeditions of discovery into Central Australia (1845), were presented by Mr. Neill in 1845 (Z)- NERO, U.S.S. MS. account of the deposit samples taken by U.S.S. " Nero " on a trans-Pacific track in 1899-1900 (M). NEUMANN (Paul) Two water-colour drawings of cassowaries, 1906 (Z). NEW SOUTH WALES 70 water-colour drawings of Animals and Plants made near Port Jackson, some of which were used in drawing the plates for J. White's Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales. Banksian MS. 34. These have been erroneously attributed to Thomas WatUng who did not arrive in the Colony until 1792 ; White's Journal was published in London in 1790 (B). See also PORT JACKSON PAINTER NEWBOULD (William Williamson) [1819-1886] A number of manuscript note-books containing local lists of plants &c. are preserved in the Museum (B). NEWMAN (Edward) [1801-1876] One note-book containing coloured drawings of British Ferns (B). NEWPORT (George) [1803-1854] 37 pencil sketches and proof plates of Myriapoda c. 1840 (Z). NEWTON (Alfred) [1829-1907] Nine letters addressed to A. R. Bloxham concerning Bloxham's natural history notes made during the voyage of H.M.S. Blonde, 1824-25. The letters are dated between 1890-1898. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 165 A collection of letters from Newton over the period 1859-1906 is contained in the A. Giinther Collection q.v. (L). NEWTON (Richard Bullen) [1854-1925] MS. notes on some boulders from West Central Borneo collected by G. A, Molen- graff, 190 1. A collection of correspondence addressed to R. B. Newton, 1910-1923 (P). NICfiVILLE (Charles Lionel Augustus de) [1852-1901] A series of autograph letters relating to insects of India addressed to T. R. D. Bell, 1891-igoi, and 12 sheets of original drawings b)' B. L. Dos, G. C. Chuck- rabutty and B. M. Watson to illustrate de Niceville's papers in /. Bombay N.H. Soc. 1889-1893 (E). NITZSCH (Christian Ludwig) [1782-1837] Two volumes autograph MSS. Beobachtungen fiber Eingeweidewiirmer and Beobachtungen fiber Thierwiirmer, 1814-1815 (Z). NODDER (Frederick Polydore) [fl. 1767-1800] The botanical draughtsman F. P. Nodder was employed by Sir Joseph Banks to make finished drawings, from Sydney Parkinson's sketches, of the plants collected during Cook's first voyage round the World ; these are preserved with the Parkin- son drawings to which they refer. 16 water-colour drawings of plants made between 1776 and 1786, and 34 draw- ings of Erica. The original drawing made by this artist for plate 5 of Alton's Hortus Kcwensis, 1767, is also preserved (B). NORFOLK NATURAL HISTORY A volume, so lettered, from the library of Dawson Turner (1775-185S) bearing his signature and that of Edward Arnold, a later possessor of the volume, ff. 63. Contains autograph material of R. Brown, J. de Carle Sowerby, J. Arnold and Dawson Turner (L). NORMAN (Alfred Merle) [1831-1918] and SCOTT (Thomas) Original drawings of plates 1-9 of The Crustacea of Devon & Cornwall, published in 1906 (Z). See also ALDER (J.) and NORMAN (A. M.) NORONHA (Fernando) [ -1787] The Spanish botanist F. Noronha or Norofia, who greatly improved the Royal Botanic Gardens at Manilla, subsequently travelled in Java and Madagascar. A set of III water-colour drawings of Java Plants made by him, or for him, of which there is a similar set in the Royal Library at Berlin, were included among the MSS. and drawings of L. A. Deschamps, that were presented by J. R. Reeves in 1861 (B). NORRIE (E. G.) Mrs. See FISHES 106 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS GATE (H. H. Ten) [1803-1856] One water-colour drawing depicting seven insects (E). GATES (Eugene William) [1845-1911] Four autograph letters addressed to R. G. W. Ramsay between 14th June and 9th October 1882 (L). GLAFSEN (Jon) Manuscript " Ichthyo-Graphia Islandica, eller Underretning om de Fiske som leve i salt og ferskt \'and udi Island sammen skreven i Kjobenhavn anno 1737 " (Z). GLD HAWKING CLUB MS. Journal of the Club from 1905-1926 in three volumes (Z). OLDFIELD (H. A.) 16 water-colour drawings of Nepalese birds collected in the Himalayas between 1856 and 1864, and drawn by a native artist Rajman Singh, for Dr. H. A. Oldfield, Surgeon-Major of the Bengal Staff Corps (Z). OLDHAM (Charles) [1868- 1942] One MS. catalogue of his shell collection and a file of his records of genetical studies of the MoUusca (Z). ONDAATJE (W. C.) 44 original water-colour drawings of Ceylon Holothuridae and Comatula were purchased in 1899, also two water-colour drawings of fishes of the Indian Ocean (Z). GORT (P. van) [1804-1835] Three original water-colour drawings Haliolus discus and Triton variegatum (dorsal and ventral) (Z). GRBIGNY (Alcide Charles Victor Marie D') [1802-1857] Memoires di\ers (Manuscripts of 18 papers some of which were published in Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. and other journals), also the holograph MS. of Modeles des Foraminiferes vivans et fossies ze edition. The pubUshed work appeared in 1843. The original autograph MS. of the section Foraminiferes, in SAGRA (R. DE LA) Histoire physique . . . et natiirelle de Vile de Cuba Pt. 2., is preserved in the Museum (Z). ORD (George) [1781-1866] Autograph letters dated February 22nd, March 28th and April 24th, 1843 addressed to Charles \\'aterton (Z). ORDE-PGWLETT (W. T.) 4th Baron Bolton [1845-1922] One volume of letters from Lord Bolton to R. B. Sharpe, chiefly with reference to the latter's edition of Gilbert White's Selboiirne, 1904-1909, was presented in 1936 (L). GRLEY (Laszlo) MS. list of round and other parasitic worms preserved in the Museum, compiled in 1881 (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 167 ORMEROD (Sarah) [1784-1860] 138 sketches of plants, and some mammals, were presented in 1942 (B). OS (Gregorius Jacobus Johannes van) [i 782-1861] Four original water-colour drawings of shells (Z). Two sheets of water-colour drawings of insects (E). OSMASTON (A. E.) MS. catalogue of his collection of eggs of European birds and a catalogue of eggs collected in India (Z). OWEN (Sir Richard), K.C.B. [1804-1892] Sir R. Owen was Superintendent of the Natural History Departments of the British Museum, 1856-83. In 1893, Sir R. Owen's executors presented a large series of MSS. and original drawings including : — The original autograph notes made while chssecting the Pearly Nautilus, the successive drafts for portions of the memoir, the author's interleaved copy of the completed memoir with his autograph notes and other memoranda as well as the original water-colour drawings from which the plates were engraved, and proof impressions of the plates (L). The set of his manuscript notes and synopsis of lectures from 1828 to 1864 (L). Notes and sketches of remains of fossil Reptilia in various Museums, made when preparing his British Association Reports on the British Fossil Reptilia (G). A set of original water-colour drawings by W. Clift, Franz Bauer, Mrs. Marsh and others for the illustrations to Sir E. Home's papers (L). 520 folios of original drawings by various artists (e.g. G. Scharf, J. Dinkel, S. Parkinson, J. Wolf) in water-colour, pen-and-ink and pencil, with photographs, all of zoological and palaeozoological subjects, mostly fossil Vertebrata, very many being the originals for illustrations in Sir R. Owen's own works (L). A portrait in oils painted by his friend William Holman-Hunt, O.M. in 1881, was bequeathed to the Museum by C. B. Holman-Hunt in 1934. Holman-Hunt hardly ever accepted a commission for a portrait and this represents a side of the artist's work which is little known (D). Another portrait of Owen at the age of 40, by H. W. Pickersgill, was acquired in 1949 (D). PACKMAN (J. C. D.) ;\Ianuscript catalogue of tiic collection of birds made by J. C. Packman at Mergui in Tenasserim, 1841-1842 (Z). PAGESMITH (Gordon) MS. catalogue of his collection of eggs of birds, igoo-1910 (Z). PAISLEY (J. C.) One note-book relating to birds' eggs collected in Nigeria, 1933-1934 (Z). PANZER (Georg Wolfgang Franz) [1755-1829] 18 plates of insects prepared for part 191 of Panzer's Faunae Insecloriim Gcrmanicac Initia, 1793-1809, but never pubHshed (E). i68 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS PARIS (Charles) MS. Catalogue de la Collection d'Ossements fossiles recueillis pres de Mitylini, dans rile de Samos . . . par C. J. Forsyth Major. 1893 (P). PARK (Mungo) [1771-1806] Afterwards celebrated as an African explorer, Mungo Park went in 1792 as surgeon on board the Worcester to Sumatra, where he made botanical and zoological observations. 20 water-colour drawings of Fish executed at the time with manu- script descriptions of six of the species were probably included in the Banksian Collection (Z).5 PARKER (William Kitchen) [1823-1890] 26 sheets of original pencil drawings of Foraminifera (Z). PARKINSON (George S.) In 1896, a series of 185 sketches in water-colour, pen-and-ink and pencil by G. Shaw, the zoologist (L), as well as a portrait of S. Parkinson the artist (Z), were presented by Mr. G. S. Parkinson. PARKINSON (Sydney) [1745-1771] Parkinson accompanied Banks as draughtsman on Cook's first voyage round the world (i 768-1771). 40 water-colour drawings of animals, mostly on vellum, made from specimens or drawings executed in India, by order of J. G. Loten, and including the originals of some of the figures in Pennant's Indian Zoology and Quadrupeds, formed the Banksian MS. No. 20 (Z). 12 water-colour drawings made from plants in the gardens at Kew and Hammer- smith, mostly on vellum, and executed in 1767 before he started his ill-fated journey on Cook's first voyage were also acquired with the Banksian Collection (B). The large collection in 21 volumes of his water-colour drawings and pencil sketches of plants and animals made on the voyage round the world, with finished drawings made from his sketches by T. Burgis, J. Cleveley, Jas Miller, J. F. Miller and F. P. Nodder, came from the same source (B, Z). Folios 77, 282 and 283 in the Owen Collection of drawings, and drawings number 18 and 19 in the Sir Everard Home collection are also by Parkinson (L). A portrait of Parkinson in oils was presented in 1896 (Z). PARKYNS (Mansfield) Autograph letter to Sir William Jardine concerning a specimen of Balaeniceps collected by M. Parkyns. 1851 (Z). PARSONS (Charles Wynford) 23 drawings of AdeUe Penguin and 7 of Emperor Penguin embryos, with MS. notes, made for C. W. Parsons by Miss D. Thursby Pelham, c. 1935 (Z). PAUL! (Anna) Two sheets of water-colour drawings of insects, c. 1700 (E). 5 Cf. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. (1797). pp. 33-38- IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 169 PAVON (Jose) [fl. 1770-1825] The Spanish botanist, Pavon, accompanied Ruiz Lopez to Peru and Chile. In addition to the manuscripts named later under Ruiz Lopez, the Museum possesses autograph lists of American and Spanish plants forwarded by Pavon to A. B. Lambert (B). PAYN (W. A.) MS. catalogue of the Payn collection of birds, 1920-1949 (Z). PEAKE (E.) MS. note-book on slugs and snails, 1909 (Z). PEILE (Alfred James) [1S68-1948] MS. notes on names and localities of shells, and correspondence from H. W. Preston, B. Walker and E. G. Vanatta, 1921-1929 (Z). PELHAM {Miss D. Thursby) Original drawings of Emperor and Adelie Penguins (Z). PENGELLY (William) [1812-1894] MS. catalogue of the Pengelly Collection of fossils (P). PENGUIN, H.M.S. MS. descriptions of deposits collected by H.M.S. " Penguin " between Funafuti and Fiji in 1896 (M). PENNANT (Thomas) [1726-1798] A collection of 73 zoological plates from the library of Thomas Pennant, includ- ing birds by P. Briinnich and N. Robert, mammals by W. Holler, 1645-1771, also the working copies of T. Pennant's British Zoology, 4th edition, and his Arctic Zoology, 2nd edition, with autograph annotations and additions (Z). Correspondence between Sir Sidney Harmer and the Countess of Denbigh con- cerning the presentation of Pennant's collections to the Museum in 1912. The specimens received included mammals, birds, shells and other invertebrates, minerals and fossils (L). MS. catalogue of Flintshire fossils (M). Original manuscript catalogues of the Pennant collection of Minerals presented by the Earl of Denbigh in 1913. Vol. 1-2 (M) Vol. 3 (P). PERCEVAL (Spencer George) [1838-1922] Eleven water-colour drawings of Devonian Corals in the Perceval Collection and one volume of correspondence addressed to Perceval by members of the Museum staff, 1867-1905 (P). PERCIVAL (A. B.) MS. notes on an expedition into South-Western Arabia, August 9th to October 19th, 1899 ; with a rough map showing the various routes taken by the party (L). PERKOIS (J.) [1756-1804] Si.x water-colour drawings of flowers (E). PERRIN J. B. [fl. 1793] Nine water-colour drawings of botanical subjects signed and dated 1793 (B). I70 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS FETCH (Tom) Collections of original coloured drawings of Cryptogams from Ceylon, also corre- spondence with contemporary Mycologists, notebooks, manuscript slips and notes chiefly relating to Entomogenous fungi, 1930-1948 (B). PETERS (Wilhelm Carl Hertwig) [1815-1883] Director of the Zoological Museum, BerUn. A series of autograph letters addressed to A. Giinther, 1859-1875, is preserved in the Giinther Collection (L). PETIVER (James) [1663 or 4-1718] A set of ys rough water-colour drawings of Cape plants, copied from Sloane Manuscript 5286, forms the Banksian MS. No. 88 (B). The copy of Ruraph's D' Amboinische Rariteitkamer , used by Petiver in the preparation of his " Gazophyllacium," and having an interhnear manuscript translation, was transferred in 1889 from the Printed Book Department ; it would seem to have previously formed part of Sir Hans Sloane's library (L). PHILIPS (G.) [fl. 1790] Two sheets of water-colour drawings of insect larvae (E). PHILLIPS (William) [1822-1905] Manuscript monograph on Cyphellae, note-books, manuscript determinations of fungi illustrated with sketches, and collections of correspondence with contemporary Mj-cologists. Large collections of his original coloured drawings of fungi were purchased in 1906 (B). PHILLIPPS (Sir Thomas) [1792-1872] See ROXBURGH (William) for letters from A. Ross, T. Hardwicke and others which were formerly in the manuscript collection of Sir T. Phillipps. PIAGET (Edouard) [1817-1910] The original drawings of the 56 plates published in Piaget's Essai Mono- graphiqiie. Les Pediculines and the 17 plates issued with the Supplement to this work were purchased in 1928 (Z). PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE (F. O.) See CAMBRID(;E (Frederick Octavius Pickard-) PIGEONS Five volumes of original water-colour drawings, by Japanese artists, of different breeds of Pigeons, probably executed for the library of some Japanese nobleman (Z). PILGRIM (Henry Guy Ellcock) [1875-1943] Nine volumes of manuscript notes of fossil mammals (P). PILKINGTON (William) [1758-1848] Manuscript list, with descriptions of British plants (B). PILTDOWN A collection of manuscript notes by A. S. Woodwanl and Charles Dawson, relating to the Piltdown skull. 1912 (P). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 171 PIPER (G. E. M.), Miss A manuscript catalogue of rocks, minerals, fossil invertebrates, plants, and vertebrates presented in 1951. The collection belonged to the donor's father by whom it was originally obtained from Mr. J. Chisman (P). PLANTS A large collection of water-colour Drawings of Plants copied from old works on Natural History, forming 8 thick volumes. (B). For a corresponding volume. See ANIMALS PLANTS 124 roughly coloured drawings of plants seemingly copied from old wood-cuts. Bought from the library of J. Soranzo of Patavia in 1781. Banksian MSS. No. 62 (B). PLANTS 28 water-colour drawings of plants with a manuscript inscription " Pflanzen welche I.R.H. unser Erzherzoginn bekomen und in ihren Garten legte " (B). PLATT (Joshua) [c. 1699-1773] A manuscript entitled " Extraneous fossils selected in January 1772, for Chris- topher Sykes Esqre, of Wheldrick, near Yorks ". 5 fol. (P). PLAYFAIR {Sir Robert Lambert) [1828-1899] H.M. Consul General at Algiers, author of A Bibliography of Algeria. A series of autograph letters addressed to A. Giinther, 1864-1897, is preserved in the Giinther Collection (L). PLOWRIGHT (Charles Bagge) [1849-1910] A collection of annotated original coloured drawings of Uredineae, Ustilagineae and Pyrenomycetes was presented in 1953, also manuscript notes and miscellan- eous papers on fungi (B). PLUMIER (Charles) [1646-1704] The French botanist and traveller, C. Pluniier, was author of many works on American plants. 312 copies of his water-colour and pen-and-ink drawings of plants, many of which were used in illustrating his published works, were obtained by the 3rd Earl of Bute [1713-1792], passed into the possession of Sir J. Banks and form Banksian MS. No. 1-5 (B). PLUNKENET (Leonard) [1642-1706] A small collection of sketches of botanical subjects (B). PODMORE (G.) Three water-colour paintings of Australian fishes, and one crayfish, 1885- 1892 (Z). PONTHIEU (Henry de) Autograph descriptions of some West Indian Plants, by H. de Ponthieu, a French West Indian Merchant, are preserved in the Museum (B). 172 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS POPE (Clara Maria), Mrs. [ -1838] Eleven original water-colour drawings illustrating species and varieties of the gtnusPceonia, executed in 1821 or 1822 by Mrs. Pope, the artist and flower painter to the Horticultural Society, are preserved in the Museum (B). POPHAM (Hugh Francis Arthur Leyborne) [1864-1943] MS. diaries of H. L. Popham, mainly recording his travels and bird notes in Russia, Lapland &c., 7 vol. 1892-1914. One note-book on birds collected in Siberia, 1895-1900. One manuscript catalogue of birds' eggs in the Popham collection and four note- books relating to his egg collection (Z). PORCUPINE, HM.S. MS. Ust of bottom deposits and sponges collected in the North Atlantic in 1869-70 (M). PORT JACKSON PAINTER 70 water-colour drawings of Animals and Plants made near Port Jackson, New South Wales. Banksian MS. 34. Previously erroneously attributed to Thomas Watling (B). See also NEW SOUTH WALES POUJADE (G. A.) 39 original water-colour drawings of South American Heterocera, 1891-1892 (E). POUSHKIN (Coimt Apollos de Moussin) Manuscript list of his collection of Minerals from Russia (M). POWER (A.) [fl. 1780-1800] Five water-colour drawings of plants (B). POWYS (Thomas Lyttelton) 4th Baron of Lilford [1833-1896] Author of the excellent Coloured figures of the Birds of the British Islands. Three volumes of liis autograph correspondence with A. Giinther, 1868-1896, are included in the Giinther Collection (L). PRESTON (Hugh Berthon) [1871-1945] A number of autograph letters from Preston to A. J. Peile, 1921-1924, and a manuscript catalogue of MoUusca, in loose leaf form, c. 1915 (Z). PRESTWICH (52> Joseph) [1812-1896] Manuscript catalogue of the Prestwich Collection of fossils presented to the Museum in 1896 (P). PROCTER (Joan B.) [1897-1931] Five original drawings of frogs and toads reproduced in the Museum postcard series. Set K.i (Z). PROUT (Louis Beethoven) [1864-1943] A number of his note-books relating to Heterocera are preserved in the Museum (E). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 173 PULTENEY (Richard) [1730-1801] The original autograph of Pulteney's Catalogue of Plants spontaneously growing about Loughborough, forms the Banksian MS. No. 90 (B). A manuscript " Flora Malabarica, Plantas sistens, quas H. van Rhecde Drakenstein . . . praebuit. Synonimis Linnaei, Raii and Rhumphii additis per R. Pulteney, " forms the Banksian MS. No. 26 (B). The Museum also possesses his autograph Catalogue of English Plants, and unpubHshed " Flora Anglica abbreviata, " (B), a quantity of manuscript material relating to Testacea (Z), and one volume of letters addressed to R. Pulteney during the period 1 776-1800 (L). PUSTET (August) [1891- ] An unpubUshed typescript " Die Bisamratte in England ", together with an English translation, both dated 1933 are preserved in the Museum (Z). PYCRAFT (William Plane) [1868-1942] Manuscript of paper on The wing of Archaeopleryx read before the British Association August 13th 1894 (P). OUECKETT (John Thomas) [1815-1861] Manuscript catalogue of Coal Sections in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons (P). RAFFRAY (Achille) [1844-1923] Letters from Thomas Brown and others to A. Raffrey with descriptions of new species of Pselaphidae (E). RAILTON (William) [1800-1877] Three oil paintings of the Chelsea Physic Garden, mid 19th century (L). RAMAGE (George A.) [1864-1933] A collection of original water-colour drawings of plants (B). RAMBLER, H.M.S. MS. report of bottom deposits collected from Tizard and Macclesfield Banks, c. 1905 (M). RAMBUR (Jules Pierre) [1801-1870] Original water-colour drawings, by E. Blanchard, for the 22 plates of Rambur's Catalogue svstematique ties Lepidopteres de VAndalousie, 1858-66 (E). RAMSAY (Robert George Wardlaw-), Captain [1852-1921] The ornithological library of the Marquess of Tweeddale was presented in 18S7 by his nephew, Capt. Wardlaw-Ramsay. The collection comprises 698 works in 2,560 volumes, besides some 200 pamphlets. Captain Ramsay's diary relating to birds collected in Burma 1874-1875 is also preserved (Z). RAPER (George) [ -1797] 72 water-colour drawings of the scenery and natural history of New South Wales, Norfolk Island &c. made by G. Raper, Midshipman in H.M.S. " Sirius " 174 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS which sailed with the First Fleet in May 1787. Presented by Miss Eva Godman in 1962 (Z). RASHLEIGH (Philip) [1729-1811] The manuscript and original water-colour drawings of his Specimens of British Minerals 1797, were acquired with the collection bequeathed by Sir Arthur Russell in 1964 (M). RATTRAY (John) [1858-1900] Autograph diary of J. Rattray on board the Buccaneer, 1885-1886 (M). RAY (John) [1627-1705] 114 autograph letters of the celebrated naturalist, J. Ray, and his correspondents, were presented in 1884 (B). The original MS. of Derham's Life of Ray was acquired during the same year (B). A portrait in oils of Ray at about the age of 40, attributed to Mrs. Beale, was bequeathed to the Museum by Sir William Watson in 1788 (Z). REA (Carleton) [1861-1946] A collection of original coloured drawings of fungi was presented in 1946, also manuscript on the genus Russula (B) . READE (H. E.) [fl. 1830] Five water-colour drawings of plants (B). READE (Oswald Alan) [1848-1929] MS. Flora of the Maltese Islands, i vol. c. 1894 (B). RfiAUMUR (Rene Anton Ferchault de) [1683-1757] A collection of original wash drawings of Invertebrata and Algae, with auto- graph notes. Some have been reproduced as plates in the Histoire de l' Academic Royale des Sciences, Paris, for 1709-1712, but those accompanied by notes are of later date, one bearing reference to 1743. Four plates of MoUusca and Cirripedia by another hand are included (Z). REES (VVilliam James) [1913-1967] One box file of drafts of papers, and manuscript notes on MoUusca, 1950-1960, also a number of original drawings of Hydroids (Z). REEVES (John) [1774-1856] J. Reeves, when Inspector of Tea at the East India Company's establishment in Canton, made careful study of natural history and resources of the country. He employed native artists in making water-colour drawings of the Animals and Plants. 481 of these drawings of Animals (Z) and 911 of the Plants (B), were presented in 1877 with MSS. notes concerning the drawings of Fish, of which Sir J. Richardson states (Rept. Brit. Assoc, 1845, p. 188), that four sets were made, one of which was given to Major-General T. Hardwicke whose collection of drawings was bequeathed to the Museum in 1835. Another set came to the Museum from Sir John Richardson in i860 (Z), the fourth set is in the library of the Zoological Society of London. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 175 REEVES (John Russell) [1804-1877] J. R. Reeves, the son of John Reeves, was in Hon. East India Company's service at Canton for thirty years and devoted to botany and horticulture. He presented in 1861 the unpublished autograph journals of L. A. Deschamps, kept on the voyage of the Recherche in search of La Perouse, and during subsequent travels in Java, with the notes for a Flora Javanica and the original sketches of Scenery, Animals and Plants by, or made for F. Noronha (B, Z). On his death, his widow, Mrs Eliza Reeves presented the collection of Chinese drawings which her father-in-law, J. Reeves, had formed (B, Z). REICHEL (T.) [fl. 1787] Eleven water-colour drawings of Indian plants made in Madras 1787-1789 (B). REID (Savile Grey) [1845-1915] 2 MS. volumes of " Strav notes on Ornithology, " compiled between 1871 and 1890 (Z). REID-HENRY (David M.) See HENRY (David M. Reid-) REINHARDT (Johannes Christopher Hagemann) [1776-1845] Naturhistorisk Dagebog i Sommeren 1808. Autograph notes and drawings, principally of insect anatomy (Z). RESEARCH, H.M.S. Soundings, log book and other manuscript material relating to the cruise of H.M.S. " Research " in the Bay of Biscay in 1900 (M). RHOADES (E. L.) 18 original water-colour drawings of fishes from Lake Nyasa, 1908 (Z). RICHARDSON {Sir John) [1787-1865] One MS. notebook and miscellaneous tracings and drawings of fishes, mostly cut out from published works (Z). RICKETT (Charles Boughey) [1851-1943] .MS. notes on the birds of Penang, and other subjects of Chinese natural history ; illustrated with photographs and original drawings 1884-1908. Notes on the birds of Fohkien Province, S.E. China from 1889-1904, and a manuscript catalogue of a collection of birds from this region (Z). RIDEWOOD (Walter George) [1867-1921] 61 drawings of plates appearing in a paper of the structure of the gills in Lamelli- branchiata published in Phil. Tr. Roy. Soc. Loud. Ser. B. \o\. 195, 1903 (Z). RILEY (Alexander) A contemporary copy of a letter dated from Port Dalrymple, 26 November 1S04 from Riley to Lt. Governor W. Paterson relating to articles of hardware in his charge (B). RISALA-I-KATIB-AL-BAGHDADI Photostat of Persian MS. on Zoology. The original dated c. 1450 is in the Blacker Library of Zoology, Montreal (Z). 1/6 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS ROBERT (Nicholas) [1614-1685] Two sepia coloured drawings of plants (B). ROBIEN (Le Charles de) ^03 original Chinese drawings of Plants (B). ROBINSON (Herbert Christopher) [1874-1929] and CHASEN (F. N.) Birds of the Malay Peninsula. The unpublished manuscript, written by E. Banks, c. 1950, wdth plates by H. Gronvold, which was to have been the fifth volume of this work, is preserved in the JIuseum (Z). ROBINSON (M.) One album of original coloured dra%vings of Indian fungi, c. 1928 (B). ROBSON (Edward) [1763-1813] Unpubhshed MS. Supplement to S. Robson's British Flora with biographical notes by the author's great-nephew, J. J. Green (B). ROBSON (Guy Coburn) [1888-1945] Manuscript of two papers on the Octopoda, apparently unpublished c. 1930 (Z). G. C. Robson was Assistant Keeper in the Mollusca Section of the Museum 1913-1936. ROBSON (John Emmerson) [1833-1907] 120 water-colour drawings of British lepidoptera, larvae and their food plants. Presented in 1947 (E). ROEBUCK (William Denison) [1851-1919] 21 volumes of manuscript records compiled for a census of distribution of mollusca in the British Isles (Z). ROEMER (E.) See BERNARDI (A. C.) ROEMER (Johann Jacob) [1763-1819] 210 original drawings, formerly the property of Dr. Roemer, were purchased in 1S83 (B). ROFFEY (John) [1860-1927] One volume of miscellaneous manuscript material (B). ROSCOE (William) [1753-1831] Autograph letters to Dawson Turner and others, with letters to Roscoe from T. W. Coke, Earl of Leicester 1820-1830 (B). ROSS (Andrew) Letters to William Roxburgh. 2 vols. (Phillipps MSS. Nos. 23283 and 23679). ROTHSCHILD (Lionel Walter) 2nd Baron [1868-1937] The munificent bequest by Lord Rothschild of the Tring Museum, together with his working library of nearly 30,000 volumes, came to the Museum in 1937. Many original water-colour drawings of animals are Included, some framed and some in bound volumes. These are noted under the appropriate artists (T). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 177 A large collection of his autograph letters over the period 1884-1914 is included in the A. Giinther Collection (L). One note-book listing birds eggs collected in Algeria and western Sahara, 1908-1914, and correspondence in various autographs concerning purchase of birds and eggs from Tristran de Cunha, 1928-1936 (Z). ROUND (F. H.) 120 original water-colour drawings of Iris, c. 1914, were bequeathed to the Museum by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild in 1923 (B). ROWE (Arthur Walton) A collection of field note-books, correspondence and geological maps (P). ROXBURGH (James) Sketches of animals and plants. Part of Philhpps MSS. No. 18552. See Roxburgh, William. ROXBURGH (John) [fl. 1717-1817] One letter to his father William Roxburgh in Phillipps MSS. No. 18552. ROXBURGH (William) [1759-1815] The botanist W. Roxburgh was surgeon on the Madras establishment of the Hon. East India Company and afterwards Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanic Garden. The Museum possesses the following volumes of Roxburgh correspondence from the library of Sir Thomas Phillipps. Letters from C. S. John and T. Hardwicke, i vol. (Phillipps MSS. No. 19320). Letters from Andrew Ross, 2 vols. (Phillipps MSS. No. 232838, 23679). Letters to T. Hardwicke and from Roxburgh to Dr. G. Taylor, i vol. (Phillipps MSS. No. 18552). Letters from F. Buchanan (afterwards Hamilton, 1795-1812). Manuscript copy of his Flora Indica, containing autograph notes by him and by Robert Brown that are not in the printed edition ; an index to the whole of his botanical MSS. ; 14 water-colour drawings of Malayan plants, with one of a Cycas from the Moluccas — and some autograph descriptions, with 22 coloured drawings of Indian palms and the drawings of the dissections, used in his Plants of the Coast of Coramandel, also one portfolio containing 67 miscellaneous drawings of plants (B). ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON MS. account of the petrological, botanical, and zoological collections made in Kerguelen's Land and Rodriguez during the Transit of Venus Expeditions in 1874-75 (L). The report of the expedition was published in Philosophical Trans- actions Vol. 168, 1879. RUIZ LOPES (Hipolito) [1754-1815] and PA VON (Jose) These Spanish botanists made a botanical exploration to Peru and Chili 1777- 1788, with special reference to Cinchona. MSS. lists relating to tlieir collections were purchased at the Lambert sale, 1842, and include "Flora Peruviana"; " Systema vegetabilium Flora Peruviana et Chilensis "; species in the Peruvian 178 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS collection not contained in the above ; lists of fruits and seeds, Spanish and Mexican plants. Their joint manuscript descriptions of the plants procured, which formed the basis for their Flora Peruviana et Chilensis. with Ruiz Lopez's autograph ' ' Relacion historica del Viage " and his important manuscripts on Cinchona, were also purchased at the above sale. (B). RUSSELL (Anna), Mrs. [1807-1876] 730 of her original water-colour drawings of the higher Fungi were bequeathed by Mrs. Russell in 1876, and 5 more w^ere presented in 1886 (B). RUSSELL (Lord Arthur) Manuscript list of the Russell collection of portraits of Naturalists in the library of the Linnean Society of London, compiled by Warren R. Dawson (L). RUSSELL (Str Arthur) [1878-1964] Manuscript catalogue of his collection of Minerals, i vol. dated 1924 (M). RUSSELL {Sir Frederick Stratten) [1897- ] Water-colour paintings and pen and ink drawings used to illustrate The Medusae of the British Isles 1953 (Z). RUYSCH (Rachel) [1664-1749] One sheet with two mounted water-colour drawings of dragonfiies (E). RYLANDS (Thomas Glazebrook) [1818-1900] One volume of correspondence from contemporary botanists, addressed to T. G. Rylands (B). SAFTLEVEN (Cornelius) [1607-1682] Original charcoal and chalk drawing of Canis familiaris (Z). SALISBURY (Albert Edward) [1876-1964] 17 note-books containing lists of species and notes on nomenclature and ecology of Mollusca, also a card index of moUuscan species described between 1850 and 1864 ; this bridges the period between Sherborn's Index Animalium and the commencement of the Zoological Record (Z). SALISBURY (Richard Anthony) [1761-1829] R. A. Salisbury, the botanist, left his property to W. J. Burchell the explorer, on whose decease in 1863 the MSS. and drawings passed into the hands of Dr. J. E. Gray, by whom they were given to the Museum (B) in 1865. Salisbury's notes and drawings of Ericaceous Plants were transferred from the Royal Gardens at Kew in 1881 (B). SALMON (Ernest Stanley) [fl. 1900-39] One notebook containing records of fungi, chiefly from Surrey (B). SALMON (John Drew) Manuscript catalogue of the Salmon collection of birds' eggs, i vol. c. 1850 (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 179 SALT (Henry) [i 780-1827] Salt acted as secretary and draughtsman to Lord Valentia on his travels in India, Ceylon and Abyssinia, 1802-1805. He was sent to Abyssinia in i8og by the British Government to carry presents to the Emperor and the 15 rough sketches of Abyssinian plants preserved in the Museum were probably made on this journey (B). SALTER (John William) [1820-1869] J. W. Salter, the palaeontologist, was apprenticed at the age of 15 to James De Carle Sowerby and when working with him prepared illustrations for the supple- ment to his English Botany. These original drawings were acquired with Sower- by's in 1862 (B). SALVIN (Osbert) [1S35-1898] Three note-books relating to Salvin's collecting trips in Central America in 1857- 1859, and a manuscript list of Central American birds, dated 1862, have been presented to the Museum (Z). See also GODMAN (F. D.) & SALVIN (0.) SAMOUELLE (George) [ -1846] Samouelle's reports to the Trustees, British Museum, with lists of accessions, 1830-1841. 3 vol. (E). SARG (F. C.) Sarg collected and made coloured drawings of Araneida for the Biologia Centrali- Americana of Godman and Salvin, 1879-1915. A MS. note-book of zoological notes on the Spiders of Guatemala, illustrated in pencil and water-colour is pre- served in the Museum (Z). SARS (Georg Ossian) [1837-1927] Original drawings by G. 0. Sars to illustrate his " ChaUenger " Report on the Schizopoda published in 1885 (Z). SAUNDERS (George Sharp) Three volumes of MS. notes on the natural history of Reigate etc. With pencil and water-colour sketches, 1848-1867 (L). SAUNDERS (Howard) [1835-1907] Three note-books containing localities and descriptions of birds (Z). SAUNDERS (John) [1827-1908] J. Saunders was the first librarian of the Zoological Department and his manu- script catalogue of the library, post 1869, is preserved (Z). SAUNDERS (William Wilson) [1809-1879] 466 original coloured drawings and 105 tracings of British Basidiomycetes, also collections of coloured spore drawings of fungi and British Discomycetes and Pyrenomycetes (B). SAVAGE (William) MS. account of the growth of Plants in a close situation, in the metropolis. 3 sh. 1810 (B). i8o LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS SAVERY (Roelandt) [1576-1639] A framed painting of a Dodo by R. Savery, presented by Mr. George Edwards in 1759 (D). SAVIN (Alfred C.) Manuscript catalogues of the Savin collections of Fossil Mammalia from the Cromer Forest Bed. 9 vol. (P). SCHAEDLER (Johann Georg) [1777-1866] A volume containing water-colour copies of Schiffermiiller's original drawings, by Schadler, with names added by Hiibner (E). SCHAEFFER (Julius) 43 original coloured drawings of Russula were purchased in 1934 (B). SCHARF (George) [1788-1860] A number of original drawings chiefly of fossil vertebrate remains, by G. Scharf, form part of the Owen Collection of Drawings, presented in 1893 (L.) SCHIFFERMUELLER (Ignaz) [1727-1809] Original water-colour drawings of pupae, caterpillars and plants, with manu- script text by Schiffermueller and others. 2 vol. c. 1776 (E). SCHLEIDEN (Matthias Jakob) [1804-1881] A series of original water-colour and pen-and-ink drawings of Plants, by M. J. Schleiden, Professor of Botany at Jena, with manuscript descriptions of them, the whole bound in 9 volumes, were purchased in 1886 (B). SCHMIDT (Johann Carl) [1793-1850] The Museum possesses an autograph work by J. C. Schmidt, the Curator of the Shuttleworth Herbarium at Bern, entitled : — " Beschreibung der innlandischen Arten von Cuscuta " (B). SCHOMBURGK (Sir Robert Hermann) [1804-1865] Sir R. H. Schomburgk, the traveller, acted as Commissioner for delineating the boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela in 1841-43. A manuscript of his memoir On the Forest Trees of British Guiana and their uses, etc., read before the British Association in 1844, and subsequently to the Linnean Society, and printed by that Society in its proceedings, is preserved in the Museum (B). A series of 248 original water-colour drawings of Plants of British Guiana was presented in 1847 in part by Sir Robert himself, and in part by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Earl Grey (B). SCHOUMAN (Aart) [1710-1792] Two original water-colour drawings of snakes (Z). SCLATER (P. L.) [1829-1913] MS. alphabetical index to the Genera in the 27 volumes of the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, 1899 (Z). A collection of autograph letters addressed to A. Giinther, 1862-1898, is pre- served in the Gunther Collection (L). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) i8i SCOTT (Ernest) [1892-1949] Manuscript " Log of the sixth Anglo-Catholic pilgrimage to Palestine April-May, 1930 ". Presented by his brother Dr. Hugh Scott F.R.S. in 1957 (E). SCOTT (Hugh) [1885-1960] Twelve note-books and a box, containing manuscript journals of Hugh Scott over the period 1899-1937, also eight albums of photographs and some miscellane- ous note-books (L). A series of letters addressed to Dr. H. Scott from Dr. David Sharp and other correspondents 1901-1956 (E). SCOURFIELD (David Joseph) [1866- 1949] A collection of manuscript notes, original sketches and correspondence relating to Rhynie Chert fossils (P), also notes and original drawings relating to Entomo- straca (Z). Presented by Mrs. Scourlield in 1950. SEALARK, H.M.S. MS. descriptions of bottom samples collected in the Indian Ocean, 1905 (M). SEEBOHM (Henry) [1832-1895] 4 MS. diaries of travels to Turkey, Greece, Norway, the Danube &c. from 1872-1882, also a manuscript catalogue of the Eggs of Birds in the British Museum in 10 volumes (Z). SEELEY (Harry Govier) [1839-1909] A collection of autograph letters, 1892-1893, addressed to A. S. Woodward, also a hst of fossil reptiles purchased from Mrs. Seeley, 1909-1910 (P). " An outline of the Osteology of the animals which are usually named Reptiles ". One volume in the author's autograph (P). See also KANNEMEYER (Danniel Russouw) SEWARD (Sir Albert Charles) [1863-1941] Typescript and illustrations of " Antarctic Fossil Plants of the 1910 ' Terra Nova ' Expedition " 1914 (P). SEWELL (Robert Beresford Seymour) [1880- ] A quantity of manuscript station records, log books, charts and miscellaneous data relating to the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean 1933-1934, was presented to the Museum in 1961 (Z). SEYFFERT (Heinrichus Christophorus) 133 original water-colour drawings of Fungi, by H. C. Seyffert, a physician at Possneck, form the Banksian MS. No. 65 (B). SEYMER (Henry) [1745-1800] A copy of Cramer's Papilluns exotiques which had belonged to H. Seymer of Hanford, Dorset, who had added the Linnean names and retouched several of the coloured plates, was presented by A. B. Lambert in 1841 (E). iSi LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS SHARP (David) [1840-1922] MS. catalogue of the localities for Sharp's collection of British Coleoptera, 1861-75 (E). SHARP (G. J.) Two water-colour sketches of cassowaries (Z). SHARPE (Richard Bowdler) [1847-1909] This famous ornithologist was in charge of the bird collections in the Museum from 1872 until his death in igog. One of his last tasks was the completion of the fifth volume of his " Hand-list of the genera and species of birds ". A manuscript key to the English names of birds listed in the hand-hst, in Sharpe's holograph, is preserved in the Museum (Z). SHAW (D.) formerly D. Schmidt Manuscript catalogue of a collection of fossils and minerals, presented by his grandson, Lt. Col. C. T. Shaw, in 1952 (P). SHAW (George) [1751-1813] 185 original water-colour, pen-and-ink and pencil sketches, by G. Shaw, Keeper of the Natural History Section of the British Museum, 1807-1813, were presented in 1896, also a manuscript copy (by WUliam Clift) of Dr. Shaw's catalogue of part of the natural history collections preserved in spirit in the Hunterian Museum, 1806 (L). SHELLEY (George Ernest) [1840-1910] The artist's pattern plates of this author's Monograph of the Nectariniidae, or family of Sun-Birds, were presented to the Museum in 1921 (Z). SHEPHERD (Charles Edward) Manuscript notes and sketches relating to the Shepherd Collection of fish otoliths (P). SHERARD (William) [1659-1728] W. Sherard, the Botanist who was Consul at Smyrna, contributed some notes and observations on the first two volumes of Ray's Hisloria Plantarum and his MSS. endorsed by Ray, form Banksian MS. No. 80 (B). SHERBORN (Charles Davies) [1861-1942] Compiler of the stupendous Index Animalium covering the years 1758-1850. Sherborn's holograph slips for this work, the minute book of the Committee supervising the compilation, and the manuscript of his last book, published in 1940, under the title Where is the — Collection are preserved in the Museum (L), also MS. field notes for Rowe & Sherborn's Chalk Papers published in Proc. Geol. Soc. igoo-1908 and " Evidences as to the dates of books, collected while compiHng the Index Animalium, 1890-1926 ", 2 vol., together with a collection of correspondence relating to the compilation of the Index Animalium 1903-1939 (P). SHRUBSOLE (William Hobbs) [1838- ] A collection of holograph letters from various correspondents, including Sir Richard Owen, 1879-1914 (P). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 183 SHUEL (Ronald S.) Two volumes containing details of the Shuel collection of birds' eggs (Z). SICH (Alfred) J09 original water-colour drawings of Lepidoptera larvae and their food plants, also a note-book containing 103 drawings of moths, 1877-1920 (E). SIDDALL (John Davies) MS. note book belonging to J. D. Siddall with autograph letters from H. B. Brady inserted, also the original drawings for the author's paper on Shepheardella, and manuscript of a lecture on The Foraminifera of the River Dee, read Dec. 11 1873 (Z). SIDEBOTTOM (Henry) The original drawings for the Report on the recent Foraminifera from the coast of the Island of Delos 1904-09, are preserved in the Museum, also an album of original drawings for the plates of Laf^enae of the south-west Pacific Ocean published in the Journal Ouekett Microscopical Club 1912-1913 (Z). SIMPSON (Martin) [1799-1892] M. Simpson, the Geologist, was author of several works on the geology and palaeontology of Yorkshire. His original drawings of Belemnites for his book on The Fossils of the Yorkshire Lias, consisting of 8 unpublished plates, were presented in 1899 (P). SIMONS (Perry O.) MS. notes on localities of the Simons bird collection (Z). SIMULA (Johann Gottfried) " Flora exotica ", 474 water-colour drawings, 1720 (B). SLOANE {Sir Hans) [1660-1753] The original manuscript catalogues of the natural history collections of Sir H. Sloane, 17 volumes in all ; the copy of his Voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbados . . . and Jamaica, &c., annotated in his autograph ; the original drawings for the plates to that work (bound up with the specimens from which they were made in the 8 volumes of Sloane's Jamaica Herbarium) and his copy of Ray's Historia Plantarnm, with marginal references to his herbarium, and autograph addenda, may be said to have formed the nucleus of the present Natural History Library (B, P, M & Z). The MS. catalogue of his Vegetable and Vegetable substances Collection. 3 vol. (B). A series of pen-and-ink drawings with autograph descriptions by G. J. Camellus, entitled " Descriptiones Fruticum et Arborum Luzonis," etc., from Sir H. Sloane's library, was transferred from the MSS. Department in 1884 (B). MS. hst of Sloanian specimens preserved in the Palaeontological Department, compiled by C. D. Sherborn, 1889 (P). A copy of the portrait, now in the National Portrait Gallery, by Stephen Slaughter, 1736 (D). iS4 LIST OF iMSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS SMIT (J.) Two original water-colour drawings of cassowaries, 1898, 3 other birds and 24 mammals (Z). One framed water-colour drawing of a bird (T). SMITH ( ) Major [fl. 1845-1847] Manuscript of local lists of British plants with descriptions of some 200 British lichens (B). SMITH (Miss Annie Lorrain) [1854-1937] A collection of manuscript notes on Cryptogams (B). SMITH (Arthur) [1916- ] A collection of original drawings of Insects (E). SMITH (Charles Hamilton) [1776-1859] Smith's original MS. on Horses, the Eqiiidcc or genus Equits of authors, illustrated with 100 water-colour drawings, is preserved in the Museum (Z). It formed the basis for the volume in the Naturalists' Library. SMITH (Christian) [1785-1816] A manuscript biography of Christian Smith, Prof, of Botany at the University of Christiania, who travelled in the British Isles, to Madeira and Teneriffe and lost his life on Tuckey's Congo Expedition in 1816, is preserved in the Museum (B). SMITH (Christopher) [ -1806 ?] 183 original water-colour drawings of Plants from the Straits Settlements by C. Smith, Superintendent, Botanic Gardens, Moluccas, were acquired in 1885 (B). SMITH (Edward) [1839-1919] The library purchased in 1963 a grangerized copy of Smith's Life of Sir Joseph Batiks containing a number of autograph letters from Banks, Sir E\-an Nepean, Captain C. J. Phipps, Sir James Smith and others (L). SMITH (Edwin Dalton) [fl. 1823-1832] 56 original water-colour drawings by E. D. Smith for the illustrations to R. Sweet's Flora Australasica are preserved in the Museum (B). SMITH (Matilda) A number of pencil sketches of plants of Madagascar, originals of plates pub- lished by J. G. Baker in /. Linn. Soc. Botany 20 1883 (B). SMITH (M. H.) Mrs., ofTunbridge Wells Catalogue of Fossil organic Remains in the cabinet of Mrs. M. H. Smith. (Manu- script list by S. P. Woodward, with water-colour drawings of some of the specimens by him, G. A. Mantell, \V. L. Bensted, J. Delves, and T. Merritt. 1845-46 (P). SMITH (Stanley) Correspondence addressed to members of the Palaeontological Department, 1924-1933, with copies of the replies (P). SMITH (William) [1769-1839] Of the few but valuable maps, or their facsimiles, and memoirs bj- W. Smith, " The Father of English Geology, " the Museum possesses (P) : — IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 1S5 1. Observations on . . . Water Meadoivs . . . leith an account 0/ Prisley Bog, 1806. 2. Photograph of the original MS,, in the possession of the Geological Society, of a Table of the " Order of Strata and their embedded Organic remains, in the vicinity of Bath, examined and proved prior to 1799. " This was dictated by Smith and written down by the Rev. Benjamin Richardson at the house of the Rev. J. Townsend in 1799. It was revised and printed in the Memoir to the Map in 1815. This facsimile was presented to the Museum in 1897 by Prof. f. W. Judd. 3. A coloured photographic reproduction of " A map of five miles round the City of Bath, on a scale of one inch and half to a mile . . . 1799, " geologically coloured the same year by W. Smith, of which the original is in the possession of the Geological Society, presented in 1897 by Prof. J. W. Judd. 4. A coloured photographic reproduction of the " General Map of Strata found in England and Wales . . . 1801 " [Scale I in. = 37 m. about], taken from the original in the possession of the Geological Society, presented in 1897 by Prof. J. W. Judd. 5. A geological map begun in 1812 and completed in 1815 entitled, " A delineation of the Strata of England and Wales with part of Scotland " [Scale i in. = 5 m.], presented in 1880 by Mr. (afterwards Sir) A. W. Franks. 6. A Memoir to the Map, etc., 1815. 7. A new Geological Atlas of England and Wales [Scale from ij to 8A m. = i in.], Pt. i.-iii. and vi. [Besides Pt. iv. and v. the maps of Wilts, Cumberland and Westmorland are wanting.] Purchased 1889. 8. Strata identified by Organized Fossils, 1816. 9. Stratigraphical System of Organized Fossils, 1817. 10. Six coloured geological views and sections across various parts of England and Wales, 1817-19, formerly in the hbrary of Smith's nephew, J. Philhps (after- wards Professor of Geology at Oxford), presented by W. Topley in 1887. 11. A new Geological Map of England and Wales [Scale i in. = 15 m.], 1827. Presented, in 1884, by W. Carruthers, who notes that it is identical with editions dated 1820 and 1828. 12. Synopsis of Geological Phenomena, 1832. In 1872 " A Book about W. Smith, LL.D., and the Somersetshire Coal-Canal, " was projected by W. S. Mitchell ; his notes and photographs with geologically coloured keys were purchased, circa i8go (P). A collection of correspondence, biographical material and manuscript notes, assembled and presented by A. G. Davis (P). SMITH (Worthington George) [1835-1917] A large amount of material by W. G. Smith has been presented to the Botanical Department and includes : — A set of proofs on India paper of his illustrations to J. Stevenson's Hymenomycetes Britannici ; upwards of 1,500 water-colour drawings of fungi, as well as a complete series of the British Hymenomycetes ; 39 water-colour drawings of British Orchidaceae, and 26 plates of pen-and-ink draw- ings of pollen grains ; 250 sheets of magnified drawings of plants, dated 1 905-11 ; i86 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS 133 sheets of outline drawings of genera and subgenera for his Sy>wpsis of the Basidiomycetes, 1908, and collections of manuscript notes on fungi and diseases of plants (B). 323 pen and ink, and wash process drawings, twice the scale of Nature, of culti- vated or garden and greenhouse Plants, being the originals of plates in the Gardiner's Chronicle. ? 1904-1915 (B). SMYTH (William) Smvth was Mate of H.M.S. " Blossom " which made a voyage to the Pacific and Behring Straits in 1825-1828 and nineteen fohos of his water-colour drawings of vertebrates with MS. notes are preserved in the Museum (Z). SNELLING (Lilian) [1879- ] Four water-colour drawings of plants, c. 1922 (B). SOAR (Charles David) Original drawings used to illustrate papers on mites by C. F. George, 1900-1915 (Z). SOCIETY OF AMATEUR BOTANISTS, LONDON Two volumes of manuscript of papers read at meetings of the Society, illustrated with some original drawings 1863-1864 (B). SOLANDER (Daniel Charles) [1736-1782] Solander, the Swedish botanist, and pupil of Linnaeus, became Assistant Librarian at the British Museum and at the same time acted as librarian to Sir J. Banks. He accompanied the latter on Capt. J. Cook's first voyage round the world (1768-71), and the complete set of his autograph notes made during that voyage, from the original rough notes to the completed descriptions, with lists of the various local faunas and floras are preserv-ed (B, Z), as well as a series of lists of the Plants collected during Cook's first voyage (1768-71) in the order in which they were arranged in the dr\'ing books in which they were brought home (B). A " Florula Indiae Occidentalis " and a " Florula Capensis " contain complete lists of the then known species from those regions (B). A descriptive slip-catalogue of Animals and Plants, ^ systematically arranged and kept in Solander cases, has since been bound and occupies, Animals 27 (Z), and Plants 25 volumes (B). Lists and descriptions by Solander of the Plants (B), and Fish (Z), obtained during the visit with Banks to Iceland in 1772, as well as many other manuscripts written in connection with his curatorship of the Banksian Museum, came with those before mentioned in that Collection. Many of the above manuscripts are interspersed with notes in Banks' hand- writing. SOLDANI (Ambrogio) [1733-1808] A copy of Soldani's rare work Testaceographiae ac Zoophytugraphiae parvae ct microscopicae tomus primus (-secundiis) , was by bequest of H. B. Brady presented by the Royal Society in 1891 (L). ' The Plant Catalogue practically (ormed the basis of .\iton's Hortus Kewensis and also relates to the Banksian Herbarium. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 187 SOWERBY (Arthur de Carle) [1885-1954] Geneological tree of the family of John Sowerby [1718-1766] and Arabella Goodreed [1725-1782], prepared in 1950, also other biographical details of the Sowerby family (P). SOWERBY (George Brettingham) [1788-1854] Manuscript catalogue of the Mollusca contained in the Museum of the East India Company (Z). SOWERBY (George Brettingham) 2nd of the name [1812-1884] 148 original water-colour drawings of fossil remains from the neighbourhood of Cheltenham, c. 1840 (L). SOWERBY (James) [1757-1822] James Sowerby, naturalist and artist, illustrated many works on natural history. His original drawings for Plates i, ii and xii of Alton's Hortits Keivensis, form part of the Banksian MS. No. 17 (B). The original drawings for No. 2-4 of Dickson's Fasciculus Planlanim Crypto- gamarum Britanniae, form the Banksian MS. No. 21 (B). The original water-colour drawings for the English Botany, over 2,500 in number, were purchased in 1859 (B). The original water-colour drawings for his English Fungi were presented in 1876 and have been incorporated in the collection of drawings of Fungi (B). A collection of coloured drawings of plants growing in the garden of Lettsom at Grove Hill, Camberwell. 2 vol. c.1787 (B). Manuscript report and correspondence on [Dry Rot in ships] 1812-1814 (B). Three original water-colour drawings of Minerals were acquired with the col- lection bequeathed by Sir Arthur Russell in 1964 (M). 213 original coloured drawings of Fungi together with MSS. were purchased in 1937 (B). An extensive collection of c. 2,500 autograph letters of botanists, geologists, mineralogists, entomologists and antiquaries, mostly written before 1850 to James Sowerby and his son J. de C. Sowerby, together with autograph notes, drafts and drawings relating to zoological and botanical subjects was purchased in 1969 (L) and Departmental Libraries. See also Fraser (John). SOWERBY (James De Carle) [1787-1871] James De Carle Sowerby was well known both as a naturalist and artist. His original water-colour drawings for the illustrations to the Supplement to English Botany were purchased in 1862 (B). 29 plates of original water-colour drawings of mosses, dated 1S03, from which the plates to Dawson Turner's Muscologiw HiherniccB Spicilegium were engra\'ed, were purchased in 1866 (B). The set of 65 original water-colour drawings of Chelonia to illustrate J. Bell's Monograph of the Testudinata and subsequently utilised for Sowerby and Lear's Tortoises, was presented in 1875 (Z). i88 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS SPAENDONCK (Gerrit van) [i 746-1822] 70 water-colour drawings of Flowers after Nature, by G. Spaendonck, the celebrated botanical artist at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, were purchased in 1885 (B). SPAINK (G.) Original drawings of Odoslomia from specimens in the Mollusca Section and Palaeontology Department of the Museum. 13 ff. 1962 (Z). SPRAGUE (T. B.) and (B.) Two note-books with numerous drawings relating to Entomostraca. 1899-1901 (Z). STAINTON (Henry Tibbats) [1822-1892] This eminent 19th century entomologist conducted an extensive correspondence with the naturalists of his day and a very large number of letters received by him over the period 1852-1892 are preserved in the Museum. A collection of his water- colour drawings illustrating the hfe-history of the Micro-Lepidoptera was pre- sented by Lord Walsingham in 1893 (E). STALKER (W.) Three note-books relating to the birds of New Guinea, c. 1909 (Z). STANDISH ( ) 1021 original water-colour drawings on 245 folios, of British Lepidoptera, circa 1800 (E). STARING (M. H. A.) One water-colour drawing of Varanus kmnodoensis, 1926 (Z). STARKS (Chloe Lesley) Seven wash drawings of bones of reptiles (Z). STEBBING (Thomas Roscoe Rede) [1835-1926] Many original drawings used to illustrate this author's publications have been presented, including those of his " Challenger " Report on the Amphipoda pub- hshed in 1889 (Z). STEINMAN (Bella) Seven water-colour drawings of insect larvae, ante 1880 (E). STELFOX (Arthur William) Original drawings by A. VV. Stelfox to illustrate his paper — The Pisidium Fauna of the Grand Junction Canal in Herts and Bucks — published in /. Conchologv 15 1918 : 289-304, also three box files of notes and correspondence relating to Mollusca, covering the period 1907-1950 (Z). STENNETT (Ralph) 43 original water-colour drawings of plants, named by Da\id Don, 1805-1807 (B). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 189 STEPHENS (James Francis) [1792-1852] One volume of letters from various correspondents addressed to J. F. Stephens, 1825-1837 (Z), also 94 original pattern plates of his Illustrations of British Entomology (E). STEPHENS (William) [fl. 1718-1732] A " Catalogus Plantarum in Horto Dubliniensi, " in part in the handwriting of W. Stephens, Botanist and Lecturer at Trinity College, Dublin, forms the Banksian MS. No. 92 (B). STEPHENSON (Thomas Alan) [1898-1961] Five original framed paintings of invertebrate animals and one of iridescent sea weeds were presented by Mrs. Stephenson in 1965 (Z). STEWART (James) [1791-1863] A collection of water-colour drawings of birds by Stewart, published in Sir William Jardine's Naturalists Library (Z). STONE (Sarah) One portfolio of drawings, mostly of zoological subjects, for Sir Ashton Lever's Museum, 1781-1785 (L). Thirteen water-colour drawings of birds, c. 1788, were acquired with the Rothschild bequest in 1937 (T). STRACHEY (Sir Richard) [1817-1908] A small collection of manuscript notes and sketches relating to Geology, pre- sented in 1909 (P). STRICKLAND (Catherine Dorcas Maule) Mrs. A collection of miscellaneous sketches and photographs, including a number of water-colour drawings of birds by Mrs. Catherine Strickland, wife of Hugh Strick- land, daughter of Sir William Jardine, covering the period 1846-1873 (Z) and (L). Manuscript diary of a continental honeymoon tour in 1845 (P). STRICKLAND (Hugh Edwin) [1811-1853] A sketch book of a tour in Asia Minor in 1837. Some of these sketches were reproduced in Sir Wilham Jardine's Memoirs of H. E. Strickland, 1858. An autograph diary of a tour of Scotland in 1838 (P). Manuscript journal of a visit to the continent of Europe in July-October 1845 (L). STUART (John) 3rd Earl of Bute See MILLER (John) SUTHERLAND (Peter Cormack) [1822-1900] Manuscript notes and descriptions of zoological specimens collected during the voyage of the steamship Isabel in 1852 (Z). SWAINSON (Isaac) [1746-1812] Formed a private botanical garden at Twickenham and a collection of 11,325 plates and original water-colour drawings of plants ; these were acquired in 1913 (B). 190 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS SWAINSON (J. T.) [ -1825] Manuscript catalogue of fossil shells (P). Manuscript catalogue of British shells 1783-1S08 (Z). SWANSTON (William) Autograph MSS. relating to the geological excursions of W. Swanston, 1875-1876 21 ff. (P). SWEBACH-DESFONTAINES (Francois Louis) [fl. 1769] MS. prospectus : " Histoire naturelle, ou exposition des morceaux, les mieux choisis pour servir a I'etude de la mineralogie et de la cristallographie ", with 160 original drawings in colour, some in two versions, of minerals. The prospectus is signed " a Paris 1789. Swebach Desfontaines ... La revolution est cause que cet ourvage n'a pas paru ". Recueil complet de Mineralogie. ... 5 vol. MS. and 246 hand-coloured plates (M). SWEDEN 192 original water-colour drawings, on 24 sheets, of Swedish moths, caterpillars, and spiders. Forms the Banksian MS. No. 87 (E). SWEET (Robert) [1783-1835] The 56 original water-colour drawings by E. D. Smith for Sweet's Flora Austra- lasica are preserved in the Museum (B). SWINEY LECTURES ON GEOLOGY Manuscript abstracts of these lectures from 1883-1949 are preserved in the Museum (P). SYKES (WUliam Henry) [1790-1872] Manuscript notes, with a few small sketches by W. H. Sykes, and some water- colour drawings by native artists, describing the economic plants and agriculture of the Deccan. 10 volumes. ? 1824-30 (L). SYLVIA, H.M.S. MS. account of soundings obtained in the Red Sea by H.M.S. " Sylvia ", 1877 (M). TALBOT (Percy Amaury) [1877- ] 24 water-colour and pencil sketches of Nigerian plants (B). TAUBE {^Baroness Helene von) See BICKNELL (Clarence) TAYLOR (C.) [1762-1818] Letters from Wilham Roxburgh, i vol. (PhiUipps MSS. No. 18552) (B). TAYLOR (J. E. Campbell-) MS. catalogue of British land and freshwater MoUusca in the collection of J. E. Campbell-Taylor, presented to the Museum in 1948 (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 191 TAYLOR (J. Kidson) MS. notes on shells of the genera Cypraea, Atnphidromus and Olivella. 302 pp. c. 1915 (Z). TAYLOR (John William) [1845-1931] 208 MS. note-books containing data collected by the author for his Monograph of the land and freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles, published between 1894- 1921 ; this was never completed. When publication was suspended the author was 76 years old with about a quarter of the land and all the aquatic species still to be done, so much of the manuscript data is unpublished. There are also the author's own copies of two of the volumes with his holograph annotations and additions, together with a quantity of manuscript notes, corre- spondence and a typescript list of his shell collection (Z). TAYLOR (R.) A collection of letters from G. A. W. Arnott, C. Johnson and other botanists, 1858-1859 (B). TAYLOR (Simon) [ -1798] 25 water-colour drawings of plants, some dated 1776-1777 (B). 106 water-colour drawings of plants, undated, formerly in the collection of the Earl of Bute (B). TAYLOR (Thomas Lombe-) Sub-kingdom MoUusca. A manuscript catalogue in four volumes (Z). TCHERNAVIN (Vladimir Viacheslavovich) [1887-1949] A collection of original drawings and photographs used in his ichthyological publications is preserved in the Museum (Z). TEALE {Sir Edmund Oswald) [1874- ] Manuscript details of localities of the Teale Collection of Australian fossils, presented in 1925 (P). TEIXEIRA (J.) One water-colour drawing of Tulipa Gesneriana dated 1820 (E). TEMPLE (Vere) Miss 102 original water-colour drawings of British plants and trees, dated between 1928 and 1967, was acquired in 1968 (B). TEMPLETON (John) [1766-1825] 300 drawings of Irish Cryptogams, with manuscript notes. Presented by Miss A. L. Smith in 1931 (B). TENISON (William Percival Cosnahan) [1884- ] 225 original drawings pubhshed in C. T. Regan & E. Trewavas Fishes of the families Stomiatidae and Malcosteidae, 1930. 14 original drawings published by these authors in their paper on Deep Sea Angler-Fishes, 1932. 10 drawings of Oceanic Angler-Fishes published in the Museum postcard series Sets M 3 and M 4. 4 original drawings of Patagonian coast fishes published in Discovery Reports 16 1937 (Z). 192 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS TERZI (Engel) [ -c. 1944] Numerous examples of the very accurate line and colour drawings of insects by this artist are preserved in the Museum (E), also seven pen and ink drawings of mammal skuUs (Z). THOMAS (Michael Rogers Oldfield) [1859-1929] Oldfield Thomas was in charge of the mammals in the Museum at the time of the removal to South Kensington and devoted the next forty years to building up these collections. Two portraits in oils of Thomas were bequeathed in 1929 ; one is signed by J. E. Braun and dated 1904, the other is by an unidentified artist (Z). THORBURN (Archibald) [1860-1938] 18 original drawings by A. Thorburn for his British Mammals published 1920-21 (Z). THORNHILL (W. Blundell) A notebook containing original drawings of Lagenidae, with short MS. notes, c. 1895-1900. At the time of his death (c. 1900) W. B. Thornhill was engaged on an account of the Lagenidae from the south-west Pacific. His collection passed to H. Sidebottom who pubhshed the work, 1912-1913 (Z). THUNBERG (Carl Pehr) [1743-1822] An autograph " Flora Capensis " made some time prior to 1782 by the cele- brated naturalist Thunberg (that is of interest as showing the state of the work at that time as contrasted with its extension when first published in 1820), with a transcript in Dryander's handwriting, were among the Banksian MSS. (B). TICEHURST (Claude Buchanan) Four folders of incomplete notes for a book on Indian birds (Z). TICKELL (Samuel Richard) [c. 1809-1875] 41 water-colour drawings and illustrated MS. relating to Indian Birds, forming one of a set of volumes from which the illustrated MS. work by Tickell on mammals &c. of India, in the hbrary of the Zoological Society of London was elaborated, also 64 water-colour drawings of Arakan fishes (Z). TILLI (Michael Angelus) [1655-1740] An autograph " Specimen Plantarum quae in Horto Medico Sapientiae Pisanae locisque finitimis extant " 1713-30 (3 vol.), by M. A. TiUi, Professor of Botany at Pisa, forms the Banksian MS. No. iii (B). TOMLIN (John Read le Brockton) [1864-1954] Two manuscript note-books on Oliva &c. Seven files containing autograph lists of Mollusca in the Museum collections c. 1923 (Z). TONGE {Mrs Olivia Frances) [1858-1949] Sixteen sketch books of Indian subjects, done at Sind, Calcutta, etc., between 1908 and 1913 were presented in 1952 (L). TOPLEY (William) [1841-1894] A set of the six views and geological sections of various parts of England and IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 193 Wales, made by W. Smith in 1817-19, was presented in 1887 by W. Topley, the Geologist. (P). TOURNEFORT (Joseph Pitton de) [1656-1708] A copy of the manuscript of the celebrated French Botanist Tournefort, entitled " Catalogue desPIantes que M. P. de Tournefort trouva dans ses voyages d'Espagne et de Portugal, " forms the Banksian MS., No. 82 (B). TOYNBEE (Mrs. Henry) 189 original water-colour drawings of Marine Animals and Plants made by Mrs. Toynbee during voyages between England and India, via the Cape, in 1856-58, with manuscript notes, were presented in 1895 by Capt. H. Toynbee (Z). TREGONING (Joseph) nf Truro A collection of autograph correspondence addressed to John Hawkins, a dis- tinguished Cornishman and mining geologist, covering the period 1800-1840 (M). TRISTRAM (Henry Baker) [1822-1906] Manuscript register of the egg cabinets of the Rev. H. B. Tristram, 9 vol. [in 3] ; these were presented to the Museum in 1927. Volume i contains a portrait and biographical details of the collector (Z). TRITON, H.M.S. MS. descriptions of soundings taken in the Atlantic Ocean, 1882 (M). TRUAN y LUARD (Alfred) [1837-1890] Autograph letters from various correspondents to Truan, 1886-1890 (B). TUCKEY (James Kingston) [1776-1816] 8 original drawings of Crustacea, by several artists, collected on Captain Tuckey's expedition to explore the River Congo in 1816 (Z). TUNNARD (T. E.) Notes on birds' eggs collected in Ceylon, 1923-1926 (Z). TURNER (Dawson) [1775-1858] Autograph letters to William Roscoe and others, 1809-1829 (B). TUSCARORA, U.S.S. MS. descriptions of soundings taken by U.S.S. " Tuscarora " in the Pacific Ocean, 1873-1878 (M). TWEEDDALE, Arthur Hay, gth Marquess of [1824-1878] The Marquess of Tweeddale, traveller and ornithologist, formed an extensive library, which, numbering 698 works in 2,560 volumes with about 200 pamphlets, was presented by his nephew, Capt. R. G. Wardlaw-Ramsay, in 1887. Two manu- script catalogues of the specimens of birds in the Tweeddale collection, dated 1880 are preserved (Z). TWELVETREES (William Harper) [1848-1919] loi mounted original drawings, mostly in pencil, of fossil plants, shells and bones from the Russian Permian cupriferous marls north of the town of Orenburg, 1877, I vol. (P). 194 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS TWINING (Elizabeth) [1805-1889] 176 drawings of plants including the originals for her Illustrations of the Natural Order of Plants 1849-1855 (B). TYTLER (R. C.) 326 original water-colour drawings of Indian Birds made for R. C. T\tler c. 1 840-1860 (Z). UDINE (G. da) See BIRDS ULRICH (Edward Oscar) [1857- ] Jlanuscript catalogue of species and thin-sections contained in a set of American fossil Bryozoa prepared for the Museum in 1897-99, with notes on systematic classification (P). VALOROUS, H.M.S. MS. notes on Foraminifera collected from the North Atlantic Ocean, 1875 (M). VAN DER BYL (P. B.) 12 manuscript note-books of expeditions to Asia, Africa, Europe and North America between 1897 and 1921 (Z). VAN DER VINNE (Jan Laurenszoon) [1699-1753] Four sheets of water-colour drawings of tulips (E) and one drawing designated by the artist as " La Charmante Bleue " (B). VAN DER VINNE (Laurens) [1658-1729] Two water-colour drawings of lepidoptera (E). VAN DER VINNE (Vincent) [1736-1811] Two water-colour drawings of flowers (B). VEEN (Rochus van) [ -1706] Water-colour drawings of Cobitus barbatulus, Triitta farin, Trigla gtirnadus, signed and dated 1670, Lacerta agilis, Pica caudata, Epeira diadema, and Cancer paguriis, undated (Z). Six sheets of water-colour drawings of insects, c. 1673 — 1680 (E). VELLOZO (Jose Mariano da Conceicao) [1742-1811] Thirteen original line drawings for his Florae Fluminensis 1825, are preserved in the Museum (B). VERREAUX (Jean Pierre) [1807-1873] Photostat of unpublished journal of J. P. Verreaux for the years 1842-1844. The original MS. is in the library of the Australian Museum (Z). VICARY (W.) MS. notes made by Dr. F. A. Bather when reporting on the Vicary collection of fossils presented in 1903 (P). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 195 VICTORIA, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland In 1841, Queen Victoria presented a large series of water-colour drawings by Francis Bauer, " being that part of Mr. Bauer's drawings made at the expense of the late Sir Joseph Banks, Baronet, which did not accompany his Library and Botanical Collections when transferred to the Museum, but was bequeathed by Sir Joseph to his late Majesty King George the Fourth " (B). VIENNA. — Kalserlich-Koenigliches Naturhistorisches Hof museum. 21 water-colour drawings of types of Enrema in the Vienna Museum, c. 1887 (E). VOET (Karel Borchart) [1670-1745] Eight sheets of water-colour drawings of beetles and one drawing of a butterfly on Scabiosa (E). WAIT (W. E.) [1878-1957] MS. register of birds' eggs collected in Ceylon, 1907-1928. i vol. (Z). WAITE (H. W.) MS. Register of H. W. Waite collection of Indian bird skins, the greater part of which were presented to the Museum in 1948 & 1949 (Z). WAKEHURST, Lord See LODER (Gerald Walter Erskine) WALDO (Edmund Gustavus Bloomfield Meade-) [1855-1934] 28 diaries and note-books covering the period 1889-1923, and some correspon- dence concerning observations on Kites. One note-book relates to the cruise of the R.Y.S. " Valhalla ", 1905-1906, and contains the original observation of the sea- serpent seen off the coast of Brazil, December 7th 1905, and reported in the Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1906 : 719, also one note-book on birds of the Canary Islands coUected 1887-1888 (Z). MS. account of a collection of Butterflies from Morocco, 1903 (L). WALKER (Bryant) [1856-1936] Ten letters addressed to A. J. Peile relating to description and collection of shells, 1922-1929 (Z). WALKER (Francis) [1809-1874] Manuscript account of the Diptera of Madeira, apparently unpublished (E). WALKER (John Francis) Correspondence relating to fossil Brachiopoda addressed to J. F. Walker, 1865-1907 (P). WALLACE (Alfred Russel) [1823-1913] Two MS. note-books, giving localities for his collections of birds &c. in the Malay Archipelago, 1855-1861. Four volumes of original pencil drawings of fishes of the Rio Negro, made be- tween 1850-1852. A number of MS. descriptions of fishes and some other animals of the Amazon and Rio Negro (Z). A framed portrait in oils is preserved in the Museum (D). igfi LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS WALLER (Edward) [1803-1873] Seven drawings — " J. J. Wild ad nat. del. " — of British Foraminifera dredged off the W. Coast of Kerry and off the Shetland Is., by E. Waller, 1870 (Z). WALLICH (George Charles) [1815-1899] 59 sheets of original drawings in pencil and water-colour, of marine animals, mostly microscopic, with two manuscript charts of voyages between Portsmouth and Calcutta in 1850, 1851 and 1857, and a manuscript notebook containing critical comments on the Reports of the "Challenger" Expedition with sum- marized details of Sir James Ross's dredgings (Z). The original manuscript notes and drawings descriptive of the results of dredging during August, i860, when on H.M.S. " Bulldog ", off the south-west coast of Greenland are also preserved in the Museum (L). A collection of original drawings and manuscript notes on Desmideae and Diatomaceae was presented by the Royal Microscopical Society in 1918 (B). WALLICH (Nathanael) [1786-1854] 100 water-colour drawings of plants made by native artists for Wallich's Planfae Asiaticae Rariores 1830-1832 (B). WALSINGHAM, Baron See DE GREY (Thomas) WALTON (Sarah) One water-colour drawing of Cephalanthera grandiflora (B). WARD (John) Manuscript Catalogue of Fossil Fishes and Amphibia from the Coal Measures, principally of North Staffordshire, 1892 (P). WARREN (Samuel Hazzledine) [1873-1958] Two-note-books of numbered locaUties and specimens of fossils collected by S. H. Warren. Purchased in 1936 (P) . WARREN (William) [1839-1914] A collection of his manuscript notes relating to Heterocera (E). WATELET (Adolphe) [1811-1879] Watelet, the palaeobotanist was author of a Description des Plantes fossiles dn bassin de Paris, 1866. The original pencil drawings for the plates to that work, with 21 additional unpublished ones, and their descriptions in manuscript, were purchased in 1880 (P). WATERHOUSE (Alfred) [1830-1905] The famous 19th century architect who in 1868 was entrusted with the construc- tion of this Museum, on which he allowed himself an unwonted exuberance of detail. Two sketch books containing pencil drawings for the ornamentation of the Museum were presented in 1962 (L). WATERHOUSE (George Robert) [1810-1888] Letters of Waterhouse to his father J. E. Waterhouse dated 1836 and other IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 197 correspondence relating to his employment at the Zoological Society of London and later as Keeper of Geology in the British Museum, also a series of letters addressed to the well known entomologist, H. T. Stainton, 1861-1864 (L). A preliminary manuscript for a catalogue of Fossil Vertebrata in the Museum, written between 1847 and 1851 is also preserved (P). WATLING (Thomas) [1762- ] Wathng was convicted of forgery and sentenced at Dumfries in April 1789 to be transported for 14 years ; he eventually reached Sydney, New South Wales, on 7th October 1792. A collection of 512 original water-colour drawings of the Natives, Animals, Plants and Scenery (with maps) in the neighbourhood of Port Jackson, New South Wales, c. 1792-1794, was purchased in 1902 (Z). The collec- tion has come to be known as the " Watling Drawings " although many are not by Watling and the works of at least three distinct artists are included. Paintings by Watling are signed Thos. Watling or T. Watling, none of the others have ai^y signature. WATSON (Hewett Cottrell) [1804- 1881] The manuscript records used in the compilation of Watson's Cybele Britannica were presented in 1887, also MS. notes intended for an Addenda (B) WATERTON (Charles) [1782-1865] MS. copy of an unpublished paper on " Living in the Tropics ". ff. [i] 9. 1838 (L). WATSON (Robert Boog) [1823-1910] One note-book containing manuscript notes on Mollusca c. 1863-1892 (L), also autograph notes on the Mollusca obtained by the Challenger Expedition 1873-1876 (M). WATSON (White) [fl. 1773-1831] Manuscript " Catalogue of a collection for Fossils, the produce of Derbyshire. . . ." I vol. 1799 (M). WATTISON (J. T.) Six sheets of original drawings for Wattison's " Lepidopteros de Portugal " Mems Estud. Mus. Zool. Univ. Coimhra, No. 29, 1928-1930. The drawings, made by a Portuguese convict imprisoned for forging bank notes were checked and corrected by the author (E). WATTS (G.) Lt. Colonel Eight volumes of MS. botanical note-books, 1921-1947 (B). WEBB (Philip Barker) [1793-1854] Manuscript biography of P. Barker- Webb by Jacques Gay, q.v. 1856 (B). WEBBER (John) [1752-1793] Webber was appointed draughtsman to Captain Cook's third voyage. One water-colour drawing of Pringlea antiscorbiitica is preserved in the Museum ; also two of plants bound with the collection of drawings by Francis Masson (B). WEHDEMANN (C. H.) 56 original water-colour sketches of plants growing about Plettenburg Bay on 198 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS the coast of Africa, with autograph descriptions by Major-General Hardwicke, 1812 (B). WELWITSCH (Friedrich Martin Josef) [1806-1872] Correspondence addressed to W'ehvitsch, c. 1865 is preserved in the Museum, also his manuscript notes on Cryptogams (B). WENDLAND (Johann Christoph) [1755-1S28] 20 water-colour drawings of the genus Erica, some dated 1787 (B). WESTON (Joseph) Manuscript catalogue of a collection of fossil fishes purchased in 1890 (P). WESTWOOD (John Obadiah) [1805-1893] Three volumes of original water-colour drawings of insects, c. 1832, 36 un- pubUshed drawings of Madeiran insects, and 24 water-colour drawings of Lepidop- tera from Madeira and the Canary' Is., together with 15 unpublished drawings of Coleoptera from the Salvages, 1857-1860 (E). WETHERELL (Nathaniel Thomas) [1800-1875] Figures cut out from an unpubhshed plate of London Clay shells from Highgate Archway, also some manuscripts referring to his paper on the Well at Hampstead c. 1832-1838 (P). WHALE Oil painting of a stranded Rorqual Whale, late i6th century (Z). WHEELER (Edwin), of Clifton [1833-1909] 2,449 water-colour drawings of British Fungi made between 1880 and 1895 by Mr. Wheeler, were presented in 1895 (B). 127 sheets of water-colour drawings of fishes from British locahties, done between 1897 and 1908, were purchased in 1959 (Z)- WHEELER (J. F. G.) Four coloured drawings for J. F. G. Wheeler's report on " Nemerteans from the South Atlantic " pubUshed in Discovery Reports 9 : 215-294, 1934 (Z). WHELER, Mrs. Five water-colour drawings of birds made by a native artist for Mrs. Wheler, wife of a member of the Supreme Council of Bengal, c. 1783 (Z). WHIMPER (Charles) [1853- ] See WHYMPER (Charles) WHISTLER (Hugh) [1889-1943] Typescript of an unpubhshed work on the birds of the Himalayas, 212 sh. c. 1942, six isound volumes of manuscript notes on measurements of Indian birds and one of Palaearctic birds, 24 box files containing the author's MS. notes on Indian birds, 2 box files of notes on moulting in birds and one note-book Usting the bird skins in the Whistler collection (Z). WHITE (John) Navigator Copy of a water-colour drawing made about 1585 by J. White, containing the earliest known representation of the King Crab, Limulus polyphemus (Z). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 199 WHITE (John) [1757-1832] White went as surgeon-general to Botany Bay. The original drawings used for some of the plates of White's " Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales " are included in the Banksian MS. No. 34 (B). WHITE (Timothy) A manuscript copy of Moses Harris' Exposition of English Insects 1776, contain- ing water-colour copies of the plates published in Harris' work, each inscribed " T. White pinx." ; the holograph title-page is dated " York 1786 " (E). WHITEHEAD (John) [i860- 1899] Catalogue of birds' eggs in the collection of J. Whitehead, 1881 (Z). WHYMPER (Charles) [1853- ] Framed water-colour painting of a Shoebill Stork, presented by Sir William Garstin in 1925 (Z). WHYMPER (Edward) [1840-1911] Three manuscript note-books, with other notes, drawings, proofs and corre- spondence relating to the Greenland expedition of 1867, also lists of Insects, Spiders &c. collected in Ecuador, Switzerland and North America in the period 1879 to 1892 (Z). WIGG (Lilly) [1749-1828] An autograph" Catalogue of Esculent Plants, " 1810, by L. Wigg, botanist, of Great Yarmouth, is preserved in the Museum (B). WIGHT (Robert) [1796-1872] A large collection of water-colour drawings and manuscript relating to Indian plants (B). WILCOCK (Joseph) [fl. 1888] One volume of woodcuts of British Unionidae, and 62 unbound woodcuts of Mollusca together with miscellaneous manuscript correspondence relating to his publications (Z). WILD (John James) Official artist on the Challenger during the scientific expedition of 1873-1876. His autograph diary kept during the voyage is preserved in the Museum (M). See also WALLER (Edward) WILEMAN (A. E.) [1860-1929] Nine original drawings for the author's " Notes on Japanese Lepidoptera and their larvae " published in ih.e Philippine Journal of Science 1914-1925 (E). WILKINS (Guy Lawrence) [1905-1957] 138 original drawings of Mollusca were presented by Mrs. A. Wilkins in 1966 (Z). WILKINS {Sir Hubert) [1888-1958] Two typescript copies, with manuscript notes by the author, of Undiscovered Australia, published in 1928 (L). 200 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS VVILLEMOES-SUHM (Rudolph von) [1847-1875] One of the naturalists on the Challenger during the scientific expedition of 1873-1876 whose death in 1875 occurred on the voyage to Tahiti. His autograph diary kept during the expedition is preserved in the Museum, also a collection of rough sketches and MS. notes left on board H.M.S. Challenger after his death (M). WILLIAMS (Frederick Newton) [1862-1923] MS. of flora of the count\- of Middlesex. FamiUes 1-50 Campanulaceae- Rosaceae. With the introduction and other notes (B). WILLIAMS (Roswell C.) 138 sheets of drawings of American Lycaenid genitalia (E). WILLIAMSON (Sir Walter) [1867-1954] Manuscript notes on birds of the Far East, mainly Thailand, also papers relating to his collection of Siamese birds' eggs (Z). WILSON (Alexander) [1766-1813] Original manuscript of American Ornithology ; or the natural history of the Birds of the United States, English edition, in 2 volumes, 1832. The volumes contain cuttings from the first edition of the American Ornithology , with many MS. additions, and from these notes Sir William Jardine published the English edition of the work (Z). WILSON (Edvt'ard Adrian) [1872-1912] The naturalist and Antarctic explorer. Material preserved in the Museum com- prises, one volume of pencil sketches and water-colour drawings of British mam- mals with MS. notes, 1890-1907. A quantity of manuscript notes and original drawings of marine mammals c. 1901-1911, also pencil sketches of whales, dolphins and seals made on the British Antarctic " Terra Nova " Expedition, 1910 (Z). A framed sepia painting of Periphylla (Z) . WILSON (Edwin) 173 original drawings of North American Tortricidae pubhshed in the work by Lord Walsingham, 1879 (E). WILSON (William) [1799-1871] W. Wilson, the botanist was author of Muscologia Britannica. His original drawings and notes, as well as his correspondence (fiUing 12 volumes) relating to Mosses, were purchased with his Herbarium in 1874 (B). WINDT (L. E.) A manuscript on " The Barberry Bush, an enemy to Winter Corn, " 1806, translated from the German original of L. E. Windt, that was published 1806, is in the Museum (B). WING ( ) 61 sheets of zoological sketches in pencil (Z). WINKLER (Tiberius Cornelius) [ -1898] Manuscript " Catalogue des poissons fossiles " i860 (P). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 201 WINKWORTH (Ronald) [1884-1950] MS. card index of " Who's Who in Conchology " covering the 17th century until 1950, and a quantity of manuscript material including systematic notes, and a card catalogue of genera and species of Mollusca (Z). WITHERBY (Henry Forbes) [1873-1943] MS. catalogue of the birds in the museum of H. F. Witherby, 1890-1931, 2 vol. (Z). WITHERS Mrs. Flower Painter in Ordinary to Queen Adelaide. Three botanical water-colour paintings dated 1839-1847 (B). WITHOOS (Alida) [1659 or 60-1715] Daughter of Mathias Withoos [1627-1703] a noted painter of plants, reptiles and insects, she worked in her father's manner and eleven of her water-colour plant drawings are preserved in the Museum (B). WITHOOS (Matthias) [1627-1703] Three sheets of water-colour drawings of insects (E). WITHOOS (Pieter) [1654-1693] Framed painting of the Reunion Dodo and other birds (Z). WITHORST (Johannes) [1648-1695] One water-colour drawing of a plant, Icosandria dipentagynia, dated 1682 (B). WOLF (Josef) [1820-1899] Original water-colour drawings of the Aye-Aye, by Wolf, are included in the Owen Collection of Drawings (L). WOLLASTON (Thomas Vernon) [1822-1878] Autograph correspondence between Sir Richard Owen and T. V. Wollaston relating to expurgation of derogatory remarks in the preface to his Catalogue of Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries pubhshed by the Museum in 1864 (E). WOOD (Casey Albert) [1856-1942] Typewritten copy of a letter dated November 12, 1923, containing, inter alia, ornithological notes of a voyage to Fiji, Australia, New Zealand &c. (Z). WOOD (Henry Hayton) [1825-1882] 200 drawings of Bryophytes (B). WOOD (Searles Valentine) [1798-1880] The original drawings and MS. notes for the Monograph of the Crag Mollusca 1848-1882, were presented as part of the E. Heron-Allen Library (Z). WOODWARD (Sir Arthur Smith) [1864 1944] Keeper of the Geological Department from 1901 until his retirement in 1924. Large numbers of his manuscripts, including letters, note-books, Piltdown skull material and his own and Lady Woodward's autobiographical notes are preserved in the Museum (P). 202 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS WOODWARD (Samuel) [1790-1838] A collection of papers, printed and in manuscript. Includes " An outline of Geolog}' " and " On the Geology of Gt. Britain, " both in manuscript, i vol. (P). WOODWARD (Samuel Pickworth) [1821-1865] A manuscript " Catalogue of Fossil Organic Remains in the Cabinet of Mrs. M. H. Smith, of Tunbridge Wells, " 1845, with water-colour drawings by S. P. Woodward (who compiled the Catalogue), W. H. Bensted, and others, was pre- sented in 1892 (P). Some original drawings by Woodward are included in the Davidson collection of drawings of Brachiopoda, which was presented in 1886 (P). The original MS. and drawings for the plates of ,4 Manual of the Mollusca, 1851-1856, and notes and original drawings of MoUuscan radulae are preserved in the Museum (Z), also manuscript " Notes from Nature " made at Norwich, 1832-1834 (L). Manuscripts of his Sketch of the Norwich Crag Deposit with a, descriptive catalogue of its fossils, A Synoptical table of British Organic Remains, 1829 and Theoretical view of Geological Changes 1835 are also preserved (P). WOOLWARD (Florence Helen) Miss [1854-1936] A collection of drawings of poplars and elms, also 16 water-colour drawings of West Indian and Madeira plants which were presented in 1933 (B). WOOSNAM (R. B.) [1880-1915] MS. notes on mammals and birds collected in S. Africa, 1903- 1904, and mam- mals observed in Persia, 1905 (Z). WRIGHT (Charles A.) Ten note-books relating to birds collected at Malta 1860-1869, one note-book on birds of Spain, Greece and Turkey, 1873, and two small note-books containing records of plants collected in England 1884-89. There are also a quantity of manuscript notes on the shells of Malta (Z). WRIGHT (C. W.) & (E. V.) Typescript catalogue of the collection of Cretaceous Fossils presented to the Museum in 1939 (P). WRIGHT (Joseph) Four volumes of tracings of figures of Foraminifera (Z). WRIGHT (Thomas) [1809-1884] Manuscript material relating to the Wright Collection of fossil invertebrates purchased in instalments between 1887-1906 (P). WUYTS (O. F.) A collection of correspondence regarding asymbiotic culture of orchid seeds (B). YALDEN (Thomas) [fl. 1750-1774] Autograph descriptions of plants and animals, chiefly Scottish, I773-I774 (B). IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) 203 YATES (James) [1798-1871] A collection of 25 water-colour botanical drawings by various artists, made for James Yates, mid 19th century (B). YOUNG (William) [fl. 1753-1784] 302 water-colour drawings of Plants from North and South Carolina made in 1767 by W. Young, with manuscript title, index and dedication, form the Banksian MS. No. 24 (B). ZAHN (Martin) ^ "" ";-"■ Four original sketches, dated iq44-iq'56, made fofWroni's published works (B). ZAPHIRO (Ph. C.) V -.^ ^ ' MS. notebook on collection of fishes during the trip to Kaffa and Lake Rudolphe, i8th April 1905 (Z). ZELLER (Philipp Christoph) [1808-1883] Four volumes of correspondence between the two eminent entomologists, P. C. Zeller and H. T. Stainton, covering the period 1869-1883, and a large number of letters addressed to Zeller by numerous correspondents are preserved in the Museum, also a number of original drawings, diaries and manuscript notes (E). REFERENCES Audubon, J. J. L. 1827-1838. The Birds of America from original drawings of J. J. Audubon. London (The Author). 4 vol. British Museum (Natural History). 1880. Catalogue of the Books in the Department of Zoology. London. (The Trustees, British Museum (N.H.) ). pp. 124. 188 1. Catalogue of the Books in the Department of Minerology. London. (The Trustees, British Museum (N.H.) ). pp. 105. 1903-1940. Catalogue of Books, Manuscripts, Maps and Drawings in the British Museum (Natural History). London. 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Novit. zool. 41 : 1-41, text illust. Norman, J. R. 1944. Squire, Memories of Charles DaviesSherborn. London (G. C. Harrap & Co.). pp. 202, 4 pis., text illust. Ramsay, R. G. W. 1881. The ornithological works of Arthur, ninth Marquis of Tweeddale. London. (Private circulation) pp. Ixvi, 760 i portrait. Ray, J. 1686-1704. Historia Plantarurn . . . Londini. 3 vol. 204 LIST OF MSS. AND ORIGINAL DRAWINGS Sherborn, C. D. 1902. Index Animalium . . . Sectio prima . . . Cantabrigiae (University Press), pp. lix, 1195. 1922-1933. Sectio secunda a KaUndis laiiuariis MDCCCI usque ad finem Decembris MDCCCL. London. (The Trustees, British Museum (N.H.) ). 9 vol. 5 AUG 197 1 I Frederick C. Sawyer, M.B.E. 67, Robin Hood Lane Kingston Vale Printed in Great Britain by Aldcn & Mowbray Ltd at tlie Aldcn Press. Oxford - 5 /a CHARLES DARWIN'S QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION R. B. FREEMAN AND P. J. GAUTREY BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) HISTORICAL SERIES Vol. 4 No. 3 LONDON : 1972 J^ QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION. ^^ T;^ ( 1.) Is astonishinenl expressed by the eyes ud month being opened wide, and by the eyebrows being raised ? /\ ( 2.) Does shame excite a blush when the colour of the skin allows it to be visible? and especially bow low down the body does the bluah extend ? ( 3.) When a man is indignant or defiant does he frown, hold his body and head erect, square his shoulders and clench his fists ? ij